@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix fdof: <https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix org: <http://www.w3.org/ns/org#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix sosa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/> .
@prefix vann: <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

@prefix ero: <http://w3id.org/ExperimentalResearchOntology/> .
@prefix ero-alias: <http://w3id.org/ExperimentalResearchOntology/alias#> .
@prefix ero-core: <http://w3id.org/ExperimentalResearchOntology/core#> .
@prefix ero-util: <http://w3id.org/ExperimentalResearchOntology/util#> .
@prefix rfp: <http://w3id.org/RoBivaL/FDOProfile/> .

<http://w3id.org/ExperimentalResearchOntology/>
    rdf:type owl:Ontology ;
    dcterms:title "Experimental Research Ontology (ERO)"@en ;
    rdfs:label "Experimental Research Ontology (ERO)"@en ;
    dcterms:description "The Experimental Research Ontology (ERO) is a small ontology that models some fundamental aspects of data creation in experimental research. ERO is aligned with several upper ontologies, including BFO, IAO, OBI, and SOSA. ERO enables the characterization of different types of experiments by specifying different methodologies and collections of parameters. Methodology specifications may include, e.g., research objectives, experiment setups and procedures, success criteria, or saftey regulations. Parameter usage may depend on experiment type, e.g., whether a parameter is required or not, or whether it is an independent or dependent variable. Parameter values are observed during experiment runs. Each experiment run has exactly one experiment type. Each experiment type can have any number of runs."@en ;
    rdfs:comment "The Experimental Research Ontology (ERO) is a small ontology that models some fundamental aspects of data creation in experimental research. ERO is aligned with several upper ontologies, including BFO, IAO, OBI, and SOSA. ERO enables the characterization of different types of experiments by specifying different methodologies and collections of parameters. Methodology specifications may include, e.g., research objectives, experiment setups and procedures, success criteria, or saftey regulations. Parameter usage may depend on experiment type, e.g., whether a parameter is required or not, or whether it is an independent or dependent variable. Parameter values are observed during experiment runs. Each experiment run has exactly one experiment type. Each experiment type can have any number of runs."@en ;
    bibo:editor [
        rdf:type foaf:Person ;
        foaf:name "Christian Backe" ;
        org:memberOf [
            foaf:homepage <https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/> ;
            foaf:name "DFKI Robotics Innovation Center, Bremen" ;
        ] ;
        foaf:homepage <https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/about-us/staff/person/chba02/> ;
        rdfs:seeAlso <https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7114-0687> ;
    ] ;
    dcterms:contributor [
        rdf:type foaf:Person ;
        foaf:name "Veit Briken" ;
        org:memberOf [
            foaf:homepage <https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/> ;
            foaf:name "DFKI Robotics Innovation Center, Bremen" ;
        ] ;
        foaf:homepage <https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/about-us/staff/person/vebr01/> ;
        rdfs:seeAlso <https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8153-237X> ;
    ] ;
    dcterms:created "2025-08-25"^^xsd:date ;
    dcterms:modified "2025-08-25"^^xsd:date ;
    dcterms:license <https://opensource.org/license/MIT/> ;
    dcterms:publisher [
        rdf:type org:Organization;
        foaf:homepage <https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/> ;
        foaf:name "DFKI Robotics Innovation Center, Bremen" ;
        rdfs:seeAlso <https://www.dfki.de/>;
    ] ;
    vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "ero" ;
    vann:preferredNamespaceUri "http://w3id.org/ExperimentalResearchOntology/" ;
.

ero-alias:BFO_hasPart
    rdf:type fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    owl:equivalentProperty <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> ;
.

ero-alias:BFO_quality
    rdf:type fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    owl:equivalentProperty <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000019> ;
.

ero-alias:BFO_realizes
    rdf:type fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    owl:equivalentProperty <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000055> ;
.

ero-alias:IAO_ObjectiveSpecification
    rdf:type fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005> ;
.

ero-alias:IAO_PlanSpecification
    rdf:type fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104> ;
.

ero-alias:OBI_Protocol
    rdf:type fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000272> ;
.

ero-alias:OBI_StudyDesign
    rdf:type fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000> ;
.

ero-alias:OBI_StudyDesignExecution
    rdf:type fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000471> ;
.

ero-core:ExperimentType
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Experiment Type" ;
    rdfs:comment "A category of experiments characterized by a specific set of parameters that can be measured or observed." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf
        ero-alias:OBI_StudyDesign ,
    [
        rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
        owl:onProperty ero-core:hasParameterUsage ;
        owl:minCardinality 1 ;
    ] , [
        rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
        owl:onProperty ero-core:hasMethodologySpec ;
        owl:maxCardinality 1 ;
    ] ;
.

ero-core:ExperimentParameter
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Experiment Parameter" ;
    rdfs:comment "A measurable or observable property that characterizes a specific type of experiment." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf
        ero-alias:BFO_quality ,
        rdf:Property ,
        sosa:ObservableProperty ,
    [
        rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
        owl:onProperty rdfs:domain ;
        owl:hasValue ero-core:ExperimentRun ;
    ] ;
.

ero-core:ParameterUsage
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Parameter Usage" ;
    rdfs:comment "Specifies how a parameter is used within a specific experiment type, for instance concerning its requirement status or variable role." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf [
        rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
        owl:onProperty ero-core:usesParameter ;
        owl:cardinality 1 ;
    ] ;
.

ero-core:hasParameterUsage
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:ObjectProperty ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "has parameter usage" ;
    rdfs:comment "Links an experiment type to its parameter usage as a compositional part." ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf ero-alias:BFO_hasPart ;
    rdfs:domain ero-core:ExperimentType ;
    rdfs:range ero-core:ParameterUsage ;
.

ero-core:usesParameter
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:ObjectProperty ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "uses parameter" ;
    rdfs:comment "Links a parameter usage to the parameter it contains as a part." ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf ero-alias:BFO_hasPart ;
    rdfs:domain ero-core:ParameterUsage ;
    rdfs:range ero-core:ExperimentParameter ;
.

ero-core:ExperimentRun
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Experiment Run" ;
    rdfs:comment "A specific execution of an experiment, characterized by having exactly one experiment type and producing observable results." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf
        ero-alias:OBI_StudyDesignExecution ,
    [
        rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
        owl:onProperty ero-core:hasExperimentType ;
        owl:cardinality 1 ;
    ] ;
.

ero-core:hasExperimentType
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:ObjectProperty ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "has experiment type" ;
    rdfs:comment "Links an experiment run to its experiment type." ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf ero-alias:BFO_realizes ;
    rdfs:domain ero-core:ExperimentRun ;
    rdfs:range ero-core:ExperimentType ;
    owl:inverseOf ero-core:hasExperimentRun ;
.

ero-core:hasExperimentRun
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:ObjectProperty ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "has experiment run" ;
    rdfs:comment "Links an experiment type to its experiment runs." ;
    rdfs:domain ero-core:ExperimentType ;
    rdfs:range ero-core:ExperimentRun ;
.

ero-core:hasMethodologySpec
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:ObjectProperty ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "has methodology specification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Links an experiment type to its methodology specification as a compositional part." ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf ero-alias:BFO_hasPart ;
    rdfs:domain ero-core:ExperimentType ;
    rdfs:range ero-core:MethodologySpec ;
.

ero-core:MethodologySpec
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Methodology Specification" ;
    rdfs:comment "A plan specification that describes the comprehensive methodology for conducting an experiment type through composed protocols and objectives." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf
        ero-alias:IAO_PlanSpecification ,
    [
        rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
        owl:onProperty ero-alias:BFO_hasPart ;
        owl:someValuesFrom [
            rdf:type owl:Class ;
            owl:unionOf
                ero-alias:IAO_ObjectiveSpecification ,
                ero-alias:OBI_Protocol ;
        ] ;
    ] ;
.

ero-util:VariableRole
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Variable Role" ;
    rdfs:comment "Indicates whether a parameter serves as an independent or dependent variable in an experiment." ;
    owl:equivalentClass [
        rdf:type owl:Class ;
        owl:oneOf
            ero-util:DependentVariable ,
            ero-util:IndependentVariable ;
    ] ;
.

ero-util:IndependentVariable
    rdf:type
        ero-util:VariableRole ,
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Independent Variable" ;
    rdfs:comment "A parameter that is controlled or varied in the experiment." ;
.

ero-util:DependentVariable
    rdf:type
        ero-util:VariableRole ,
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Dependent Variable" ;
    rdfs:comment "A parameter that is measured or observed as a result of the experiment." ;
.

ero-util:hasVariableRole
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:ObjectProperty ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "has variable role" ;
    rdfs:comment "Indicates whether the parameter is an independent or dependent variable." ;
    rdfs:domain ero-core:ParameterUsage ;
    rdfs:range ero-util:VariableRole ;
.

ero-util:isRequired
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:DatatypeProperty ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "is required" ;
    rdfs:comment "Indicates whether the parameter is required (true) or optional (false) for the experiment type." ;
    rdfs:domain ero-core:ParameterUsage ;
    rdfs:range xsd:boolean ;
.

ero-util:ResearchObjectiveSpec
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Research Objective Specification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Specification of the research motivation and objectives for an experiment type." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf ero-alias:IAO_ObjectiveSpecification ;
.

ero-util:ExperimentSetupSpec
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Experiment Setup Specification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Protocol specifying the physical layout, equipment, and experimental apparatus." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf ero-alias:OBI_Protocol ;
.

ero-util:ProcedureSpec
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Procedure Specification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Protocol specifying the step-by-step experimental procedure." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf ero-alias:OBI_Protocol ;
.

ero-util:SuccessCriteriaSpec
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Success Criteria Specification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Objective specification defining criteria for determining success or failure of an experiment run." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf ero-alias:IAO_ObjectiveSpecification ;
.

ero-util:RepetitionPolicySpec
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Repetition Policy Specification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Protocol specifying how many repetitions are conducted and under what conditions." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf ero-alias:OBI_Protocol ;
.

ero-util:SafetySpec
    rdf:type
        fdof:FAIRDigitalObject ,
        owl:Class ;
    dcterms:conformsTo rfp:TrivialProfile ;
    rdfs:label "Safety Specification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Protocol specifying safety considerations and conditions for aborting runs due to safety risks." ;
    rdfs:subClassOf ero-alias:OBI_Protocol ;
.