@prefix : . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix skos: . @prefix dcterms: . @base . rdf:type owl:Ontology ; owl:versionIRI ; owl:imports ; dcterms:abstract "Defines the root of the physicalistic perspective that introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the ontologist under an applied physics perspective."@en ; dcterms:contributor :AdhamHashibon , :FrancescoZaccarini , :GeorgSchmitz , :GerhardGoldbeck , :JesperFriis ; dcterms:creator :EmanueleGhedini ; dcterms:license "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" ; dcterms:publisher ; dcterms:title "Physicalistic"@en ; rdfs:comment "The EMMO requires HermiT reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege)."@en ; owl:versionInfo "1.0.1" ; :EMMO_1246b120_abbe_4840_b0f8_3e4348b24a17 "emmo@emmc.eu" . ################################################################# # Annotation properties ################################################################# ### http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#qualifiedCardinality owl:qualifiedCardinality rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ################################################################# # Classes ################################################################# ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_0f3e0646_4f06_4588_9779_6a4f05c5a8d6 :EMMO_0f3e0646_4f06_4588_9779_6a4f05c5a8d6 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_38b579de_4331_40e0_803d_09efa298e726 ; skos:prefLabel "PhysicalObjectByBond"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Categorisation of physical objects by how they are bonded."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_2c07a731_84f9_4883_9e58_2bc073abda29 :EMMO_2c07a731_84f9_4883_9e58_2bc073abda29 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_a15cea10_9946_4d2b_95c5_cfc333fd2abb ; skos:prefLabel "PhysicalParticleBySpin"@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "DisjointUnionOf: Boson, Fermion" ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Categorisation of physical particles by whether they have integer or half-odd-integer spin."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_41cecfc2_bb6b_45f3_b6cc_e7740d931afe :EMMO_41cecfc2_bb6b_45f3_b6cc_e7740d931afe rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_5b2222df_4da6_442f_8244_96e9e45887d1 ; skos:prefLabel "MatterByStructure"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Categorisation of matter by its structure."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_43d0bb2c_bb0e_4312_a0de_084c29ff7f9e :EMMO_43d0bb2c_bb0e_4312_a0de_084c29ff7f9e rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_5b2222df_4da6_442f_8244_96e9e45887d1 ; skos:prefLabel "MatterByType"@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "DisjointUnionOf: AntiMatter, HybridMatter, OrdinaryMatter" ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Categorisation of matter by its type."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_b32fe85d_2f7b_4972_9dd7_7cf20d4bba59 :EMMO_b32fe85d_2f7b_4972_9dd7_7cf20d4bba59 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_a15cea10_9946_4d2b_95c5_cfc333fd2abb ; skos:prefLabel "PhysicalParticleByBond"@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "DisjointUnionOf: BondedParticle, ElementaryParticle" ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Categorisation of physical particles by whether they are bonded."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_09f0ac34_c349_46b5_acf0_0edeae52cca1 :EMMO_09f0ac34_c349_46b5_acf0_0edeae52cca1 :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "DisjointUnionOf: PhysicalObject, PhysicalPhenomenon" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_12aae025_a226_4762_9d51_81200a8ce54c :EMMO_12aae025_a226_4762_9d51_81200a8ce54c rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_be0a7278_b4e6_4bca_88ba_de3f67a478e2 ; skos:prefLabel "PseudoscalarMeson"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A meson with spin zero and odd parity."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscalar_meson"@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_1b32a555_978b_4e56_933f_e158e165023e :EMMO_1b32a555_978b_4e56_933f_e158e165023e rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_be0a7278_b4e6_4bca_88ba_de3f67a478e2 ; skos:prefLabel "VectorMeson"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A meson with total spin 1 and odd parity."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_meson" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_1c16bb7f_5400_4498_8ef2_54392908da4e :EMMO_1c16bb7f_5400_4498_8ef2_54392908da4e rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_43d0bb2c_bb0e_4312_a0de_084c29ff7f9e ; skos:prefLabel "HybridMatter"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Matter composed of both matter and antimatter fundamental particles."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_1f19b65b_35bf_4662_a318_7f1c147cb3b6 :EMMO_1f19b65b_35bf_4662_a318_7f1c147cb3b6 rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :EMMO_8b1367d6_0133_4b56_acc1_fa8b058169e3 :EMMO_b5a5494c_83bf_44aa_a9a6_49b948e68939 ) ; rdf:type owl:Class ] ; owl:disjointWith :EMMO_29108c7c_9087_4992_ab1c_02561665df21 , :EMMO_cafd0f10_ce85_48b9_9a36_2b0af141ce21 ; skos:example """Examples of composite particles with integer spin: spin 0: H1 and He4 in ground state, pion spin 1: H1 and He4 in first excited state, meson spin 2: O15 in ground state."""@en ; skos:prefLabel "CompositeBoson"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental bosonic type (integer spin)."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_21205421_5783_4d3e_81e5_10c5d894a88a :EMMO_21205421_5783_4d3e_81e5_10c5d894a88a rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_32f55395_8b94_40de_a103_bffa5c121d98 ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03986"@en ; skos:altLabel "ChemicalEntity"@en ; skos:example "Hydrogen molecule is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule."@en , "Methane, may mean a single molecule of CH4 (molecular entity) or a molar amount, specified or not (chemical species), participating in a reaction. The degree of precision necessary to describe a molecular entity depends on the context."@en ; skos:prefLabel "MolecularEntity"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity that can undergo a chemical reaction."@en ; :EMMO_c7b62dd7_063a_4c2a_8504_42f7264ba83f """Molecular entity is used as a general term for singular entities, irrespective of their nature, while chemical species stands for sets or ensembles of molecular entities. Note that the name of a compound may refer to the respective molecular entity or to the chemical species,"""@en , "This concept is strictly related to chemistry. For this reason an atom can be considered the smallest entity that can be considered \"molecular\", including nucleus when they are seen as ions (e.g. H⁺, He⁺⁺)."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_24dda193_ada8_433b_bb74_6ca4a0b89a20 :EMMO_24dda193_ada8_433b_bb74_6ca4a0b89a20 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_29108c7c_9087_4992_ab1c_02561665df21 , :EMMO_7b42954f_0b91_4b3a_a65e_2470202cf548 , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :EMMO_9380ab64_0363_4804_b13f_3a8a94119a76 ; owl:someValuesFrom :EMMO_99a8eece_40bf_4f26_832c_f290ca664767 ] ; skos:prefLabel "Baryon"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks, at least 3."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_29108c7c_9087_4992_ab1c_02561665df21 :EMMO_29108c7c_9087_4992_ab1c_02561665df21 rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :EMMO_53dced52_34f6_4cf0_8a99_ddf451861543 :EMMO_8b1367d6_0133_4b56_acc1_fa8b058169e3 ) ; rdf:type owl:Class ] ; owl:disjointWith :EMMO_820619ca_b23e_4c7a_8543_18a17722abc0 ; skos:example """Examples of composite particles with half-integer spin: spin 1/2: He3 in ground state, proton, neutron spin 3/2: He5 in ground state, Delta baryons (excitations of the proton and neutron)"""@en ; skos:prefLabel "CompositeFermion"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A non-elementary particle (bonded) of a fundamental fermionic type (half-integer spin)."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_3275b6e9_05f1_4912_954f_7d64ac12b2d2 :EMMO_3275b6e9_05f1_4912_954f_7d64ac12b2d2 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_be0a7278_b4e6_4bca_88ba_de3f67a478e2 ; skos:prefLabel "ScalarMeson"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A meson with spin zero and even parity."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_meson"@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_32f55395_8b94_40de_a103_bffa5c121d98 :EMMO_32f55395_8b94_40de_a103_bffa5c121d98 rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :EMMO_5b2222df_4da6_442f_8244_96e9e45887d1 :EMMO_8b1367d6_0133_4b56_acc1_fa8b058169e3 ) ; rdf:type owl:Class ] ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_41cecfc2_bb6b_45f3_b6cc_e7740d931afe , :EMMO_8b1367d6_0133_4b56_acc1_fa8b058169e3 ; skos:prefLabel "ParticulateMatter"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Bounded matter."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_3397f270_dfc1_4500_8f6f_4d0d85ac5f71 :EMMO_3397f270_dfc1_4500_8f6f_4d0d85ac5f71 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_21205421_5783_4d3e_81e5_10c5d894a88a , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :EMMO_dc57d998_23db_4d8e_b2cd_f346b195b846 ; owl:someValuesFrom :EMMO_730f2e31_ca78_410f_a5e1_4043217a41ab ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :EMMO_dc57d998_23db_4d8e_b2cd_f346b195b846 ; owl:someValuesFrom :EMMO_f835f4d4_c665_403d_ab25_dca5cc74be52 ] ; skos:altLabel "ChemicalSubstance"@en ; skos:example "H₂0, C₆H₁₂O₆, CH₄"@en ; skos:prefLabel "Molecule"@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "DisjointUnionOf: Heteronuclear, Homonuclear" ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "An atom-based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons."@en ; :EMMO_c7b62dd7_063a_4c2a_8504_42f7264ba83f """An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. An entity is called redundant if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class."""@en , """This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. e.g. you cannot remove H from H₂0 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant)."""@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_38b579de_4331_40e0_803d_09efa298e726 :EMMO_38b579de_4331_40e0_803d_09efa298e726 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_09f0ac34_c349_46b5_acf0_0edeae52cca1 ; owl:disjointWith :EMMO_5cc4e111_3eb1_44a3_9369_5af3846cf605 ; skos:prefLabel "PhysicalObject"@en ; :EMMO_31252f35_c767_4b97_a877_1235076c3e13 """It is natural to define entities made or more than one smaller parts as object according to some unity criteria. One of the most general one applicable to causal interacting systems is to ask that all the quantum parts of the system are part of elementaries whose paths start and end within the entitiy. We call this causal convexity. In other words, causal convexity excludes all quantums that leave the system (no more interacting), or that are not yet part of it (not yet interacting). So, a photon leaving a body is not part of a convex system, while a real photon that is the carrier of clasical electromagnetic interaction between two molecular parts of the body, is part of the convex body. A physical phenomenon is defined as a causally non-convex interacting system, complement of causally convex interacting system."""@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "DisjointUnionOf: CompositePhysicalObject, BondedObject" ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The class of individuals standing for causally convex interacting systems."@en . [ rdf:type owl:Axiom ; owl:annotatedSource :EMMO_38b579de_4331_40e0_803d_09efa298e726 ; owl:annotatedProperty skos:prefLabel ; owl:annotatedTarget "PhysicalObject"@en ; :EMMO_705f27ae_954c_4f13_98aa_18473fc52b25 "From Latin physica \"study of nature\" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”), and Medieval Latin obiectum (“object”, literally “thrown against”)."@en ] . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_38d00e5f_d759_4dcc_8551_ab95865cf799 :EMMO_38d00e5f_d759_4dcc_8551_ab95865cf799 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_be0a7278_b4e6_4bca_88ba_de3f67a478e2 ; skos:prefLabel "PseudovectorMeson"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A meson with total spin 1 and even parity."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovector_meson" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_50781fd9_a9e4_46ad_b7be_4500371d188d :EMMO_50781fd9_a9e4_46ad_b7be_4500371d188d rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_24dda193_ada8_433b_bb74_6ca4a0b89a20 ; skos:prefLabel "Nucleon"@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "DisjointUnionOf: Proton, Neutron" ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Either a proton or a neutron."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_50967f46_51f9_462a_b1e4_e63365b4a184 :EMMO_50967f46_51f9_462a_b1e4_e63365b4a184 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_3397f270_dfc1_4500_8f6f_4d0d85ac5f71 ; owl:disjointWith :EMMO_e024544d_e374_45b7_9340_1982040bc6b7 ; skos:example "Nitric oxide (NO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂)."@en ; skos:prefLabel "Heteronuclear"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A molecule composed of more than one element type."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_53dced52_34f6_4cf0_8a99_ddf451861543 :EMMO_53dced52_34f6_4cf0_8a99_ddf451861543 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_2c07a731_84f9_4883_9e58_2bc073abda29 ; owl:disjointWith :EMMO_b5a5494c_83bf_44aa_a9a6_49b948e68939 ; skos:prefLabel "Fermion"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A physical particle with half odd integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc...) that follows Fermi-Dirac statistics."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_57d977ab_0036_4779_b59a_e47620afdb9c :EMMO_57d977ab_0036_4779_b59a_e47620afdb9c rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_0f3e0646_4f06_4588_9779_6a4f05c5a8d6 ; owl:disjointWith :EMMO_801395f8_948e_4637_ac3b_5fcd587d72ca ; skos:prefLabel "CompositePhysicalObject"@en ; :EMMO_31252f35_c767_4b97_a877_1235076c3e13 "A composite physical object is made of bonded objects (i.e. characterised by their quantum states using a Schrodinger equation approach) that are connected together by elementary particles travelling between them. These elemenentary particles are real particles, describing the existance of a classical field (e.g. Coulomb potential between charged particles)."@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The class of physical objects possessing a structure that is larger than a single composite particle, for which its bosonic or fermionic nature is undetermined." . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_5b2222df_4da6_442f_8244_96e9e45887d1 :EMMO_5b2222df_4da6_442f_8244_96e9e45887d1 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_38b579de_4331_40e0_803d_09efa298e726 ; skos:altLabel "PhysicalSubstance"@en ; skos:prefLabel "Matter"@en ; :EMMO_31252f35_c767_4b97_a877_1235076c3e13 """The interpretation of the term \"matter\" is not univocal. Several concepts are labelled with this term, depending on the field of science. The concept mass is sometimes related to the term \"matter\", even if the former refers to a physical quantity (precisely defined by modern physics) while the latter is a type that qualifies a physical entity. It is possible to identify more than one concept that can be reasonably labelled with the term \"matter\". For example, it is possible to label as matter only the entities that are made up of atoms. Or more generally, we can be more fine-grained and call \"matter\" the entities that are made up of protons, neutrons or electrons, so that we can call matter also a neutron radiation or a cathode ray. A more fundamental approach, that we embrace for the EMMO, considers matter as entities that are made of fermions (i.e. quarks and leptons) requiring their presence, without excluding particles like the W and Z bosons that possess some mass, but are not fermions. Antimatter is a subclass of matter."""@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "DisjointUnionOf: HybridMatter, OrdinaryMatter, AntiMatter" ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The class of physical objects that have some fermionic quantum parts."@en ; :EMMO_c7b62dd7_063a_4c2a_8504_42f7264ba83f "A matter entity requires the presence of fermions without excluding the presence of real or virtual fundamental bosons parts that are responsible for the interactions between the (real) fundamental fermions."@en , "Matter includes ordinary- and anti-matter. It is possible to have entities that are made of particle and anti-particles (e.g. mesons made of a quark and an anti-quark pair) so that it is possible to have entities that are somewhat heterogeneous with regards to this distinction."@en . [ rdf:type owl:Axiom ; owl:annotatedSource :EMMO_5b2222df_4da6_442f_8244_96e9e45887d1 ; owl:annotatedProperty skos:prefLabel ; owl:annotatedTarget "Matter"@en ; :EMMO_705f27ae_954c_4f13_98aa_18473fc52b25 "From Latin materia (“matter, stuff, material”), from mater (“mother”)."@en ] . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_5cc4e111_3eb1_44a3_9369_5af3846cf605 :EMMO_5cc4e111_3eb1_44a3_9369_5af3846cf605 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_09f0ac34_c349_46b5_acf0_0edeae52cca1 ; rdfs:seeAlso :EMMO_38b579de_4331_40e0_803d_09efa298e726 ; skos:example "A molecule, including a photon emitted (or captured) as result of a de-excitation (or excitation) process."@en , "The formation of an hydrogen atom from a proton and electron."@en ; skos:prefLabel "PhysicalPhenomenon"@en ; :EMMO_31252f35_c767_4b97_a877_1235076c3e13 "A physical phenomenon is intended as a physical process that starts or ends with an unbonded state, or that includes incoming or aoutgoing particles."@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The class of individuals standing for causally non-convex interacting systems."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_6e9cb807_fc68_4bcf_b3ba_5fccc887c644 :EMMO_6e9cb807_fc68_4bcf_b3ba_5fccc887c644 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_43d0bb2c_bb0e_4312_a0de_084c29ff7f9e ; skos:prefLabel "OrdinaryMatter"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Matter composed of only matter particles, excluding anti-matter particles."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_7b42954f_0b91_4b3a_a65e_2470202cf548 :EMMO_7b42954f_0b91_4b3a_a65e_2470202cf548 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_32f55395_8b94_40de_a103_bffa5c121d98 ; skos:prefLabel "Hadron"@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "EquivalentTo: Baryon or Meson" ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Particles composed of two or more quarks."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_7b79b2ac_3cf2_4d3b_8cdc_bcabb59d869e :EMMO_7b79b2ac_3cf2_4d3b_8cdc_bcabb59d869e rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_b32fe85d_2f7b_4972_9dd7_7cf20d4bba59 ; owl:disjointWith :EMMO_8b1367d6_0133_4b56_acc1_fa8b058169e3 . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_801395f8_948e_4637_ac3b_5fcd587d72ca :EMMO_801395f8_948e_4637_ac3b_5fcd587d72ca rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_0f3e0646_4f06_4588_9779_6a4f05c5a8d6 ; skos:prefLabel "BondedObject"@en ; :EMMO_31252f35_c767_4b97_a877_1235076c3e13 "A bonded object is a sequence of fundamental interactions that can be described approximatively by Schrodinger formulation. A bonded object is typically characterised by having quantum states (e.g. electron states in an atom, energy levels of a molecule). Furthermore, a bonded object is made of elementary particles that travels from the beginning to the end of the entity (i.e. a bonded object doesn't change its components)."@en ; :EMMO_c7b62dd7_063a_4c2a_8504_42f7264ba83f """\"... in the 'classical' picture ordinary matter is made of atoms, in which electrons are held in orbit around a nucleus of protons and neutrons by the electrical attraction of opposite charges. We can now give this model a more sophisticated formulation by attributing the binding force to the exchange of photons between the electrons and the protons in the nucleus. However, for the purposes of atomic physics this is overkill, for in this context quantization of the electromagnetic field produces only minute effects (notably the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron). To excellent approximation we can pretend that the forces are given by Coulomb's law (together with various magnetic dipole couplings). The point is that in a bound state enormous numbers of photons are continually streaming back and forth, so that the \"lumpiness\" of the field is effectively smoothed out, and classical electrodynamics is a suitable approximation to the truth. But in most elementary particle processes, such as the photoelectric effect or Compton scattering, individual photons are involved, and quantization can no longer be ignored.\" D. Griffiths, \"Introduction to elementary Particles\", Wiley-VCH, 2004, pp.16-17"""@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_820619ca_b23e_4c7a_8543_18a17722abc0 :EMMO_820619ca_b23e_4c7a_8543_18a17722abc0 rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_53dced52_34f6_4cf0_8a99_ddf451861543 . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_8b1367d6_0133_4b56_acc1_fa8b058169e3 :EMMO_8b1367d6_0133_4b56_acc1_fa8b058169e3 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_b32fe85d_2f7b_4972_9dd7_7cf20d4bba59 , :EMMO_801395f8_948e_4637_ac3b_5fcd587d72ca ; skos:prefLabel "BondedParticle"@en ; :EMMO_31252f35_c767_4b97_a877_1235076c3e13 "A composite particle is a bonded particle for which it is possible to clearly define its bosonic or fermionic behaviour. The term particle is then reserved for entities whose fermionic or bosonic nature is clearly defined."@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "DisjointUnionOf: CompositeBoson, CompositeFermion" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_8f87e700_99a8_4427_8ffb_e493de05c217 :EMMO_8f87e700_99a8_4427_8ffb_e493de05c217 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_50781fd9_a9e4_46ad_b7be_4500371d188d ; owl:disjointWith :EMMO_df808271_df91_4f27_ba59_fa423c51896c ; skos:prefLabel "Proton"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A positive charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_a15cea10_9946_4d2b_95c5_cfc333fd2abb :EMMO_a15cea10_9946_4d2b_95c5_cfc333fd2abb rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_c5ddfdba_c074_4aa4_ad6b_1ac4942d300d ; skos:altLabel "Particle"@en ; skos:prefLabel "PhysicalParticle"@en ; :EMMO_70fe84ff_99b6_4206_a9fc_9a8931836d84 "The union of hadron and lepton, or fermion and bosons."@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A well defined physical entity, elementary or composite, usually treated as a singular unit, that is found at scales spanning from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of larger scale substances (as the etymology of \"particle\" suggests)."@en ; :EMMO_c7b62dd7_063a_4c2a_8504_42f7264ba83f "The scope of the physical particle definition goes from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of substances."@en . [ rdf:type owl:Axiom ; owl:annotatedSource :EMMO_a15cea10_9946_4d2b_95c5_cfc333fd2abb ; owl:annotatedProperty skos:altLabel ; owl:annotatedTarget "Particle"@en ; :EMMO_705f27ae_954c_4f13_98aa_18473fc52b25 "From Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”)."@en ] . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_b5a5494c_83bf_44aa_a9a6_49b948e68939 :EMMO_b5a5494c_83bf_44aa_a9a6_49b948e68939 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_2c07a731_84f9_4883_9e58_2bc073abda29 ; skos:prefLabel "Boson"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A physical particle with integer spin that follows Bose–Einstein statistics."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson" . [ rdf:type owl:Axiom ; owl:annotatedSource :EMMO_b5a5494c_83bf_44aa_a9a6_49b948e68939 ; owl:annotatedProperty skos:prefLabel ; owl:annotatedTarget "Boson"@en ; :EMMO_705f27ae_954c_4f13_98aa_18473fc52b25 "1940s: named after S.N. Bose."@en ] . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_bc37743c_37c4_4ec7_9d58_d1aae5567352 :EMMO_bc37743c_37c4_4ec7_9d58_d1aae5567352 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_41cecfc2_bb6b_45f3_b6cc_e7740d931afe , :EMMO_57d977ab_0036_4779_b59a_e47620afdb9c ; skos:prefLabel "Substance"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A composite physical object made of fermions (i.e. having mass and occupying space)." . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_be0a7278_b4e6_4bca_88ba_de3f67a478e2 :EMMO_be0a7278_b4e6_4bca_88ba_de3f67a478e2 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_1c16bb7f_5400_4498_8ef2_54392908da4e , :EMMO_1f19b65b_35bf_4662_a318_7f1c147cb3b6 , :EMMO_7b42954f_0b91_4b3a_a65e_2470202cf548 , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :EMMO_9380ab64_0363_4804_b13f_3a8a94119a76 ; owl:someValuesFrom :EMMO_99a8eece_40bf_4f26_832c_f290ca664767 ] ; skos:prefLabel "Meson"@en ; :EMMO_8a137e9f_579c_4e28_baca_e8980eb0c3db "EquivalentTo: PseudoscalarMeson or VectorMeson or ScalarMeson or PseudovectorMeson or TensorMeson" ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Hadronic subatomic particles composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks bound together by strong interactions."@en ; :EMMO_c7b62dd7_063a_4c2a_8504_42f7264ba83f "Most mesons are composed of one quark and one antiquark."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_cafd0f10_ce85_48b9_9a36_2b0af141ce21 :EMMO_cafd0f10_ce85_48b9_9a36_2b0af141ce21 rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_b5a5494c_83bf_44aa_a9a6_49b948e68939 . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_df808271_df91_4f27_ba59_fa423c51896c :EMMO_df808271_df91_4f27_ba59_fa423c51896c rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_50781fd9_a9e4_46ad_b7be_4500371d188d ; skos:prefLabel "Neutron"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "An uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_e024544d_e374_45b7_9340_1982040bc6b7 :EMMO_e024544d_e374_45b7_9340_1982040bc6b7 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_3397f270_dfc1_4500_8f6f_4d0d85ac5f71 ; skos:altLabel "ElementalMolecule"@en ; skos:example "Hydrogen molecule (H₂)."@en ; skos:prefLabel "Homonuclear"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A molecule composed of only one element type."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_eb77076b_a104_42ac_a065_798b2d2809ad :EMMO_eb77076b_a104_42ac_a065_798b2d2809ad rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_21205421_5783_4d3e_81e5_10c5d894a88a , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :EMMO_dc57d998_23db_4d8e_b2cd_f346b195b846 ; owl:someValuesFrom :EMMO_730f2e31_ca78_410f_a5e1_4043217a41ab ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :EMMO_dc57d998_23db_4d8e_b2cd_f346b195b846 ; owl:someValuesFrom :EMMO_f835f4d4_c665_403d_ab25_dca5cc74be52 ] ; skos:altLabel "ChemicalElement"@en ; skos:prefLabel "Atom"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 """A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. An O 'atom' within an O₂ 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. We cannot say that H₂ molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus."""@en ; :EMMO_c7b62dd7_063a_4c2a_8504_42f7264ba83f "An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_f13672a3_59cc_40ed_8def_65009a8f74e6 :EMMO_f13672a3_59cc_40ed_8def_65009a8f74e6 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_43d0bb2c_bb0e_4312_a0de_084c29ff7f9e ; skos:prefLabel "AntiMatter"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "Antimatter is matter that is composed only of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter."@en ; :EMMO_c7b62dd7_063a_4c2a_8504_42f7264ba83f "This branch is not expanded due to the limited use of such entities."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_f835f4d4_c665_403d_ab25_dca5cc74be52 :EMMO_f835f4d4_c665_403d_ab25_dca5cc74be52 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_32f55395_8b94_40de_a103_bffa5c121d98 , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :EMMO_17e27c22_37e1_468c_9dd7_95e137f73e7f ; owl:someValuesFrom :EMMO_50781fd9_a9e4_46ad_b7be_4500371d188d ] ; skos:prefLabel "Nucleus"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "The small, dense region at the centre of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons."@en . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_f87e79eb_f549_4a06_9c27_a3d1412444c6 :EMMO_f87e79eb_f549_4a06_9c27_a3d1412444c6 rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_24dda193_ada8_433b_bb74_6ca4a0b89a20 , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :EMMO_9380ab64_0363_4804_b13f_3a8a94119a76 ; owl:allValuesFrom :EMMO_99a8eece_40bf_4f26_832c_f290ca664767 ] ; skos:prefLabel "Hyperon"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quark."@en ; :EMMO_c7b62dd7_063a_4c2a_8504_42f7264ba83f "This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars."@en ; :EMMO_c84c6752_6d64_48cc_9500_e54a3c34898d "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperon" . ### https://w3id.org/emmo#EMMO_f895cb83_2280_42e9_9f4c_047273e70d3c :EMMO_f895cb83_2280_42e9_9f4c_047273e70d3c rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EMMO_be0a7278_b4e6_4bca_88ba_de3f67a478e2 ; skos:prefLabel "TensorMeson"@en ; :EMMO_967080e5_2f42_4eb2_a3a9_c58143e835f9 "A meson with spin two."@en . [ owl:qualifiedCardinality "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ] . [ owl:qualifiedCardinality "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ] . [ owl:qualifiedCardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ] . [ owl:qualifiedCardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ] . ################################################################# # General axioms ################################################################# [ rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses ; owl:members ( :EMMO_1c16bb7f_5400_4498_8ef2_54392908da4e :EMMO_6e9cb807_fc68_4bcf_b3ba_5fccc887c644 :EMMO_f13672a3_59cc_40ed_8def_65009a8f74e6 ) ] . ### Generated by the OWL API (version 4.5.29.2024-05-13T12:11:03Z) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi