INTRO - the Intertextual Relationships Ontology INTRO Bernhard Oberreither BETA 202304 – Subclasses are subject to refinement and addition; provisional state indicated by "INT"-IRIs/Labels without number. BETA 202210 WHAT IS INTRO? INTRO is an ontology for the field of literary studies for representing intertextual relations. The term ‘intertextual relations' is to be understood in the broadest sense. The domain of the ontology includes everything from the identification and characterization of concrete acts of literary (or scholarly) citations or allusions (etc.) to the identification of features that allow to include a text into a larger context (e.g. an epoch, a discourse, an oeuvre ...). INTRO also provides classes and properties necessary to link these findings to their theoretical background or to findings in other research literature, thus covering a large number of scholarly acts. INTRO Version IRI: https://w3id.org/lso/intro/beta202304 INTRO on GitHub: https://github.com/BOberreither/INTRO Version info: BETA - Subclasses are subject to refinement and addition; provisional state indicated by "INT"-IRIs/Labels without number. Special Thanks to: Ingo Börner ################ ################ Changelog from 201901 on: #### 2023-01 - A new property R16 incorporates and its inverse have been added to link the INT16 Segment - an E90 Symbolic Object - to an E73 Information Object it incorporates; a similar property already exists in CIDOC - P165 incorporates - but is limited to E73 as a domain. A INT16 Segment can't be clearly classified as an E73. #### 2022-11 - A new subclass of INT9 Semantic Feature has been created: INT18 Reference. - "INT Event" and "INT State" are no longer subclasses of "INT Plot" but sibling classes (and subclasses of "Semantic Feature") - since they are actually not a kind of plot, but rather an element in a plot. #### 2022-10 - A necessary modification was made on INT16: It was renamed "Segment" and its description was altered: The now more flexible INT16 can incorporate portions of e.g. F22 Self-contained Expressions of any size, meaning not only whole texts, but also INT1 Text Passages. - The INT16 is now also a direct subclass of E90 Symbolic Object. - Properties indicating position inside a document, that before related to INT1 Text Passage now also relate to INT16 Segment - since a Text Passage as taken from a F22 Self-contained Expression does not yet have the form of a published work and because of that can not be identified via e.g. page numbers (but only by indication of verse, act, chapter etc.). A INT16 as a part of a published text can. - After close examination it became clear that "r10 has text passage" (as well as the inversion) cannot be meaningfully related to "F1 Work", since "Work" cannot have text passages. As a result, "Work" was deleted from the domain of "r10 has text passage". - "r10" is now also no longer related to "F2 Expression", but to the parent class "E73 Information Object". This allows the modeling of text passages assigned to entities outside the narrow definition of the class "Expression" - since " Expression" by no means covers all written documents. - In domains/ranges throughout the model, "F2 Expression" was replaced with "E73 Information Object". Also, - Erlangen-CRM and the related serialization of FRBRoo were replaced. - "INT0" in labels was replaced with "INT". Additionally, some efforts were made to declutter the whole thing: - owl:import was deleted. - All named individuals were deleted. #### 2020-01 Turns out, some classes and relations could be resolved into types of intertextual relations; this concerned in particular the class INT5 Characteristic and adherent object relations. - Deleted class INT5 Characteristic, accordingly: deleted relations R1, R2, R14-16; changes on relations: R21, R23, R24 - Deleted relations R5, R6, R7 - Added class INT17 Functional Relation as a subclass of INT11 Type of Intertextual Relation. Links a text – usually: a work or an expression – to a INT1 Text passage from that text, e.g. the book with the ISBN 978-0307278630 to a passage on page three of this book. Links an INT1 Text Passage from a text to that text, e.g. a passage on page three of the book with the ISBN 978-0307278630 to that book. Links an INT1 Text Passage to shorter INT1 Text Passages it contains. Links an INT1 Text Passage to a larger INT1 Text Passage it is a part of. Links an INT3 Intertextual Relationship to the entity referred to in the intertextual relationship (a text on any ontological level or a feature actualized in the text in question). Links the referred to entity (a text on any ontological level or a feature actualized in a text) to the INT3 Intertextual Relationship it is a part of. Links an INT3 Intertextual Relationship to a referring entity (a text on any ontological level or a feature actualized in the text in question). Links the referring entity (a text on any ontological level or a feature actualized in a text) to the INT3 Intertextual Relationship it is a part of. This property states that an E73 Information Object is incorporated in an INT16 Segment like e.g. a F22 Self-contained Expression or an INT1 Text Passage in an INT16 Segment of an F24 Publication Expression. Links the specific INT2 Actualization of Feature to the (abstract concept of the) feature it actualizes, a INT4 Receptional Entity. Links the INT4 Receptional Entity, the feature, to an INT2 Actualization of Feature (that is itself linked to a specific text). Links an INT2 Actualization of Feature to the text (on any ontological level) or another INT2 Actualization of Feature it is found on. (Actualizations found on actualizations - in cases where, e.g., the actualization of the feature "Individual Character" can be read as the actualization of the feature "Character Type".) Links a text (on any ontological level) or an INT2 Actualization of Feature to an INT2 Actualization of Feature found on it. (Actualizations found on actualizations - in cases where, e.g., the actualization of the feature "Individual Character" can be read as the actualization of the feature "Character Type".) Links an INT3 Intertextual Relationship to its INT11 Type of Intertextual Relationship. Links a INT11 Type of Intertextual Relationship to the INT3 Intertextual Relationship of that Type. Links an INT7 Interpretament to the textual instance (on any ontological level) it discusses. Links a textual instance (on any ontological level) to the INT7 Interpretament it is discussed in. Links an INT7 Interpretament to the INT5 Characteristic, the INT3 Intertextual Relationship or the INT2 Actualization of Feature it identifies. Links an INT3 Intertextual Relationship or an INT2 Actualization of Featurea to the INT7 Interpretament it is identified in. Links an INT4 Receptional Entity to a INT3 Intertextual Relationship it provides the similarity for, the similarity being necessary for the detection of the INT3 Intertextual Relationship. States that an INT3 Intertextual Relationship is based on a similarity, i.e. the actualization of the same INT4 Receptional Entity in two different texts. Links an INT3 Intertextual Relationship to an INT4 Receptional Entity that provides the similarity necessary for the detection of the INT3 Intertextual Relationship. States that an INT3 Intertextual Relationship is based on a similarity, i.e. the actualization of the same receptional entity in two different texts. Relates a source (a text on any ontological level or an actualization of a feature on said source) to the outcome of a receptional or interpretative act (an INT2 Actualization of Feature, a INT4 Receptional Entity, an INT3 Intertextual Relationship, an INT7 Interpretament) to support it. Relates the decision made in any receptional or interpretative act - an INT2 Actualization of Feature, a INT4 Receptional Entity, an INT3 Intertextual Relationship, an INT7 Interpretament - to a source that can support this decision (a text on any ontological level or one of its features). Links any INT3 Intertextual Relationship to a text (on any ontological level) or INT2 Actualization of Feature that is part of the INT3 Intertextual Relationship. Links any text (on any ontological level) or INT2 Actualization of Feature to the INT3 Intertextual Relationship it is a part of. Links a F24 Publication Expression to a INT16 Segment it contains (the segment in turn R16 incorporates an INT1 Text Passage or an F22 Expression). Links an INT Constellation to the elements (INT2 Actualizations of Feature) that together form that INT Constellation. Links INT2 Actualizations of Feature of at least two INT4 Receptional Entitiess with the INT Constellation they form (i.e. stating that they do so). Relates an actualization (usually: of the semantic feature 'INT Definition') to a type of intertextual relationship and to receptional and architextual entities and thereby links a concept - e.g. 'discourse' - to a definition - e.g. a text passage in Foucault's writings. Relates an INT11 Type of Intertextual Relationship or an INT4 Receptional, or INT6 Architextual Entity to the INT2 Actualization of a Feature (usually: of the semantic feature 'definition') in order to link a definition - e.g. a text passage in Foucault's writings - to the concept it defines - e.g. 'discourse'. Links an INT Opinion to its object - for example an opinion with the theme fashion (to make it an opinion about fashion). Links an object with an INT Opinion about it. Links an INT7 Interpretamet to another INT7 Interpretament preceding it (logically or chronologically). Links an INT7 Interpretamet to another INT7 Interpretament following it (logically or chronologically). Used to link an INT7 Interpretament to the INT2 Actualization of a semantic feature INT Interpretation the INT7 Interpretament consists in. Used to state that the actualization of the semantic feature INT_Interpretation can be seen as an INT7 Interpretament and thus identify INT3 Intertextual Relationships and so on. Links a text (work, expression, ...) to its bibliographical data, represented as a data string. (A shortcut for modelling bibliographical data with FRBRoo.) Defines the location of an INT16 Segment in e.g. a F24 Publication Expression, e.g. by giving page or paragraph numbers. Links pretty much everything to a data string providing a definition for it. (A shortcut for modelling the definition as an INT2 Actualization of Feature.) Links an INT Constellation to a data string defining or describing it more closely. Links an INT1 Text Passage to a data string providing the exact wording of the text passage. A literary device that is often found at the end of a piece of literature. It generally covers the story of how the book came into being, or how the idea for the book was developed. Alternatively, it may be written by someone other than the author of the book, and may discuss the work's historical or cultural context, if the work is being reissued many years after its original publication. afterword A supplemental addition to the main work. It may contain data, more detailed information about methods and materials, or provide additional detail concerning the information found in the main work. appendix The final principle part of a document, in which is usually found the bibliography, index, appendixes, etc. back matter The central principle part of a document, that contains the real content. It may be subdivided hierarchically by the use of chapters and sections. body matter A principle division of the body matter of a large document, such as a book, a report or a legislative document. chapter A block containing a label for the chapter, that may include the chapter number. chapter label A brief description of publication or production notes relevant to the document. colophon A quotation with a complex structure, that is included inline and is usually enclosed within quotation marks. complex run-in quotation A communication object comprising one or more graphics, drawings, images, or other visual representations.. figure A block containing a label for the figure box, that may include the figure number. figure label A structure within a sentence that permits the author to make a comment or to cite another publication in support of the text, or both. A footnote is normally flagged by a superscript number immediately following that portion of the text to which it relates. For convenience of reading, the text of the footnote is usually printed at the bottom of the page or at the end of a text. footnote A section in a book or report, usually written by someone other than the author, that introduces or commends the document to the reader. It may include description of the interaction between the writer of the foreword and the author. foreword A unit of information expressed in mathematical, chemical or logical symbols and language. formula A space within a document that contains one or more formulae. formula box The initial principle part of a document, usually containing self-referential metadata. In a book, this typically includes its title, authors, publisher, publication date, ISBN and copyright declaration, together with the preface, foreword, table of content, etc. In a journal article, the front matter is normally restricted to the title, authors and the authors' affiliation details, although the latter may alternatively be included in a footnote or the back matter. In books, the front matter pages may be numbered in lowercase Roman numerals. front matter A set of definitions of words or phrases of importance to the work, normally alphabetized. In longer works of fiction, the entries may contains places and characters. glossary A section containing a list of references to information on the named topic of importance to the content of the document. The references may be to page numbers, paragraph numbers, section numbers or chapter numbers within the document. index A block containing text, that may include a number (e.g., "Chapter Three", "3.2", "Figure 1", "Table"), used to identify an item within the document, for example a chapter, a figure, a section or a table. label A line in poetry is a unit of language into which a poem is divided which operates on principles which are distinct from and not necessarily coincident with grammatical structures, such as the sentence or clauses in sentences. A distinct numbered group of lines in verse is normally called a stanza. line An enumeration of items. list A self-contained unit of discourse that deals with a particular point or idea. Paragraphs contains one or more sentences. The start of a paragraph is indicated by beginning on a new line, which may be indented or separated by a small vertical space by the preceding paragraph. paragraph A section describing how the document came into being, or how the idea for it was developed. The preface may contains acknowledgements. The preface to a later edition of the work often explains in what respect that edition differs from previous ones. preface A logical division of the text, usually numbered and/or titled, which may contain subsections. section A block containing a label for the section, that may include the section number. section label An expression in natural language forming a single grammatical unit. A sentence minimally consists of a subject and an intransitive verb, or a subject, a transitive verb and an object, and may include additional dependent clauses. In written text, a sentence is always terminated by a full stop. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, a question, an exclamation, a request or a command. sentence A unit within a larger poem. A stanza consists of a grouping of lines, set off by a vertical space from other stanzas, that usually has a set pattern of meter and rhyme. stanza A block containing a label for the table box, that may include the table number. table label A section of the document listing all the chapters and sections, identified by their titles and referenced to their locations in the document. The table of contents may include a list of the front-matter and back-matter items, in addition to the body-matter items. Where the document is a journal or magazine issue, the table of content lists the constituent items contained in that issue, typically by title, authors and first page number. table of contents This class comprises subclasses for every formal aspect of a text: Subclasses will provide the general terms (e.g. 'stanza'), instances are meant to be specific types (e.g. 'Sapphic stanza'). Subclasses are derived from existing ontologies (in this case: the DoCO Document Components Ontology). (Subclasses are still object to further refinement and addition; to indicate their provisional status they are not numbered.) INT10 Formal Feature This class comprises (as subclasses) the many classifications of intertextual relationships that can be found, for example, in research literature, but also in greek rhetoric, in genre theory and so on. INT11 Type of Intertextual Relationship This class comprises common concepts of intertextual relationships such as 'citation', 'plagiarism', 'allusion' and so on; no further definition is necessary. INT12 Common Concepts of Intertextuality This class comprises intertextual relationships that can be found in genre theory. INT13 Intertextuality in Genre Theory This class comprises intertextual relationships that can be found in rhetoric. INT14 Intertextuality in Rhetoric This class comprises intertextual relationships that can be found in research literature dedicated to intertextuality theory. INT15 Intertextuality in Intertextuality Theories This class comprises expressions (e.g. texts represented as F22 Self-contained Expressions) or parts thereof as they are represented in F24 Publication Expressions. INT16 Segments can be located inside the F24 Publication Expression or their physical carriers by means of page numbers etc. and are thus identifiable (and citable). They are not identical to/subclasses of F24 Publication Expressions, since they only make a part of it (whereas the F24 definition means the "overall content" of a publication); they are not identical to F22 Self Contained Expressions, since they have distinct bibliographical metadata and are not necessarily 'complete' in any sense; they are not identical to F23 Expression Fragments, because they are not seperated from their original context. The INT16 Segment can be linked to a F22 Self-contained Expression or a INT1 Text passage through "R16 incorporates". It can be linked to a physical carrier (like FRBRoos "F4_Manifestation_Singleton") through "P128 is carried by". INT16 Segment Any intertextual relation between a text on any ontological level and an architext that has merely classificatory or typological function, including a text being a part of an architext (an epoch, a movement etc.), its initial or final text, etc. INT17 Functional Relation This class comprises mentions of – usually: real – identifiable objects of any kind. It's use is not restricted to, but makes the most sense in non-fictional texts. INT18 Reference The "INT1 TextPassage" is a means of modelling an identifiable part of an E73 Information Object or its subclasses – without that part being removed from its source Information Object. (In contrast, FRBRoo's 'Expression Fragment' is by definition a result of an accidental or deliberate isolation separating the fragment from its source text.) Examples: The words 'Abandon all hope ye who enter here' from Canto III of Dante's Inferno. The first four lines of Rilke's poem "Archaischer Torso Apollos" The last item on a shopping list. INT1 TextPassage The fact that a certain text shows - in its own specific way - a certain feature (which itself is an abstract concept and takes form in many texts), e.g. a motif, an atmosphere, a theme, a figure of speech. Examples: - the specific actualization of the motif of patricide in Sophokles' 'Ödipus Rex'. - the specific actualization of the Faust-subject in Goethe's 'Faust'. - the specific actualization of the iambic pentameter in Rilke's 'Archaischer Torso Apollos". INT2 Actualization of Feature This class is meant for the abstract notion of an intertextual relationship as it is identified by a reader (and is not to the same as the rhetorical entity 'quotation'). Every INT3 Intertextual Relationship has at least 2 related entities, which are texts (on any ontological level) or INT2 Actualizations of Features. An INT3 Intertextual Relationship is possibly identified in an interpretative. INT3 Intertextual Relationship This class comprises features that 'are in' or 'can be found in' or 'can be read out of' a text, apart from the wording itself. INT2 Actualizations of these features are the results of a mental process that is applied to a text and that made out distinct abstract concepts which are themselves seperate from the text and take a specific, yet identifiable form in the text. This class therefore has an extremely wide scope, its subclasses are open to additions and are to be populated from relevant reference works (e.g. the subclass 'Rhetorical Entity' could contain concepts based on Lausberg's 'Handbook of Literary Rhetoric', many lemmata from the 'Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms' could populate the subclass "Formal Entity" and so on). It is highly likely (and welcome) that the instances of subclasses or sub-subclasses of the class 'receptional Entity' are instances or sub-subclasses of more than one subclass (e.g. that a rhetorical entity is at the same time a semantic entity as in the case of an 'argument' or 'narrator'). INT4 Receptional Entity An INT6 Architextual Entity consists in a number of texts which in some way give reason to see them as connected, related, sharing a common feature. Examples for INT6 Architextual Entities can be - discourses (texts sharing a discoursive element, a topic etc.) - genres (texts sharing genre conventions) - a discipline (texts deriving from the same disciplinary background) - an oeuvre (texts written by the same person) - national literatures (texts whose authors share a nationality) etc. INT6 Architextual Entity The abstract content of a interpretative act. An interpretament identifies references, actualizations of features or characteristics that assign texts to a transtextual entity. Interpretaments themselves can originate in texts and thus be actualizations of the semantic feature 'Interpretation'. Examples: - the statement that Umberto Eco's 'The Name of the Rose' features a detective character. - the statement that Umberto Eco's 'The Name of the Rose' contains references to Arthur Conan Doyle's 'Sherlock Holmes'. - the statement that Umberto Exo's 'The Name of the Rose' is set in the 14th century. - the conclusion that Umberto Eco's 'The Name of the Rose' belongs to the genre 'postmodern crime novel'. INT7 Interpretament This class comprises every aspect of a text that can be described in terms of rhetorics - ranging from the occurrence of rhetorical tropes (figures of speech) to parts of a e.g. research paper like 'introduction' or 'quotation' (pragmatic entities) to aspects of the narrative act such as 'voice' or 'narrating time' (narratological entities). INT8 Rhetorical Feature This class comprises every semantic aspect of a text: from the common notions of 'plot' or 'character' up to the specific classification of forms such as 'situational motif'. (Subclasses are still object to further refinement and addition; to indicate their provisional status they are not numbered.) INT9 Semantic Feature INT Act (Drama) INT Atmosphere INT Chapter Subtitle INT Chapter Title INT Character INT Constellation INT Definition INT Description INT Discipline INT Discourse This class comprises concepts from drama theory. INT Dramatic Entity INT Epoch INT Event INT Figurative Meaning The class comprises figures of speech. Since there are countless classification systems (the most common dividing figures into tropoi - metaphor, metonymy ... - and schemata/figurae, further dividing the latter into figures of thougth and figures of word, further dividing the latter into grammatical and rhetorical figures of word), no subclasses will be provided. INT Figure of Speech INT Genre Specifics INT Genre (Trias) INT Genre (sub Trias) INT Individual Character INT Individual Object INT Individual Place INT Interpretation INT Leitmotiv This class comprises rhetorical concepts from lyric theory. INT Lyrical Entity INT Mood INT Motif INT Movement This class comprises narratological concepts insofar as they correlate with rhetorical concepts (like 'speech', 'distance', 'perspective' etc.). Due to the plurality of narratological frameworks, no subclasses will be provided at this point. INT Narratological Entity INT Object INT Oeuvre INT Opinion INT Part Subtitle INT Part Title INT Place INT Plot This class comprises parts of a text in this regard that they pursue a certain purpose, and do so in a way that is apparent on the text surface or by application of certain conventions or handed-down standards. Subclasses can range from 'argument' to 'quotation' to 'bibliographic reference'. Subclasses of this class are in part derived from existing ontologies such as the 'SPAR Document Component Ontology'. (Subclasses are still object to further refinement and addition; to indicate their provisional status they are not numbered.) INT Pragmatic Feature All Instances in this class are to be derived from CiTO - the Citation Typing Ontology. CiTO IRIs originally identifying object properties are used as IRIs for the instances in this class. Original source: http://purl.org/spar/cito.xml. Reference: Peroni, S., Shotton, D. (2012). FaBiO and CiTO: ontologies for describing bibliographic resources and citations. In Journal of Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 17 (December 2012): 33-43. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2012-fabio-cito-ontologies.pdf INT Punned CiTO Properties INT Scene (Drama) INT School INT Situational Motif INT Geographically Defined Architext INT Spatial Motif INT State INT Subject INT Subtext INT Tableau (Drama) INT Temporal Motif INT Temporally Defined Architext INT Theme INT Theory INT Timespan INT Topic INT Topos INT Type Motif INT Type of Character INT Type of Place INT Typical Object INT Variety of Text