This ontology has the following classes and properties.
Risk Identification Ontology (RIO) provides a framework for risk specification and reasoning.
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/Adverse_situation
Dura mater infection
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Attributive
Qualities (attributes, traits, characteristics, etc.) of concrete individuals, relations (relators) between them and roles that objects can play in different contexts are subsumed under the category Attributive.
Attributives are individuals that depend on other individuals by some kind of dependency relation.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Category
The notion of category covers all abstract entities that can be instantiated by or are predicated of other entities.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Chronoid
Chronoids are real-valued time intervals with endpoints.
The time (extension) of a football match (from the start point in time to the end point in time)
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/ConcreteIndividual
Concrete individuals are entities that have an immediate relation to time or to space-time. They exist in time.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Continuant
Material three-dimensional objects, their aggregates (groups) and parts as well as immaterial two-, one- and zero-dimensional entities (i.e., surfaces, lines and points) are subsumed under the category Continuant.
Continuants are concrete individuals that persist through time and are wholly present at every point of their existence time (lifetime).
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/ContinuantPartRole
A continuant part role is the role that a continuant part plays in the whole continuant.
John is part/member of the football team and plays the role of midfielder.
The processor is part of the computer and has the task/function/role to process commands.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Entity
Everything that exists is called an entity.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/ImmaterialContinuant
Immaterial continuants can border material continuants (natural boundaries) or be located inside them (inner boundaries). Boundaries of material continuants are surfaces, boundaries of surfaces are lines and boundaries of lines are points.
Immaterial continuants are 0-, 1-, or 2-dimensional immaterial (visible or imaginary) entities (i.e., points, lines and surfaces) that are located on material continuants or in them.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Individual
Individuals are entities which cannot be further instantiated.
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/KPI
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are properties (attributives) of the treatment process and its participants (such as doctors, medical instruments and patients) that are relevant for the estimation of risk.
Age
Presence of antibiotic prevention
Presence of menginitis vaccination
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Line
Lines are not necessarily straight. They can be, for example, curves or broken lines that pass through various points and form a corner, a triangle or a polygon.
A line is a 1-dimensional immaterial continuant.
Boundary line of the football field
Longitudinal axis of the human skeleton
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/MaterialAggregate
The members of a material aggregate are regarded as its parts, similar to the parts of an object (e.g., John is part/member of the football team and plays the role of forward).
A material aggregate is a unit consisting of multiple material objects or further aggregates.
Research group
Sports team
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/MaterialContinuant
Usually, connected objects are considered as single material objects, i.e., the object parts are firmly connected to the whole object, while loose objects can form a group/aggregate. When modelling a person, for example, you could consider their skeleton as a (connected) material object and as part of the human body. However, if we look at bone finds in the context of anthropology, the skeleton can be modelled as an aggregate of individual bones.
Material continuants are any 3-dimensional material objects, aggregates and parts.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/MaterialObject
Material objects are connected material entities that consist of an amount of stuff and have a natural boundary.
Bone
Chopstick
Computer
Person
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/MaterialPart
Material parts are parts of material objects that have no natural boundary with the whole object (e.g., part of a bone).
Part of a bone
Part of a chopstick
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Point
A point is a 0-dimensional immaterial continuant.
Gonion
Penalty spot
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/Point_in_time_of_risk_detection
A point in time of risk detection is a point in time of treatment at which the current treatment situation (potential risk situation) is analyzed for the presence of risks.
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/Point_in_time_of_treatment
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Process
Processes represent dynamic knowledge.
Processes are concrete individuals that happen in time and have a temporal extension (a chronoid).
A treatment of a patient in a hospital
Football match
The course of an illness
The first half of the match
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/ProcessualRole
A processual role is the role that a participant plays in a process.
Team A plays the home team role and team B plays the visiting team role in a football match.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Quality
Qualities can possess values.
Qualities are attributives that typically inhere in its bearer.
Observable or measurable characteristics of single objects, e.g., persons, (such as weight and height, laboratory parameters or symptoms)
Qualities of object groups (e.g., goals scored by a football team in a match)
Qualities of processes (e.g., the number of spectators as quality of a football match)
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/RelationalRole
A relational role is the role that an entity plays in a relation (relator).
Target object role and reference object role of a relative location relator (describes the relative location of an object playing the target object role in relation to another object playing the reference object role)
Wife role and husband role of the marriage relator
Winner team role and loser team role of the winner-loser relator
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Relator
A relator represents an individual relation instance.
Relators are attributives that connect other entities (role players) by relational roles (played by role players).
A relator describing the relative location of an object (playing the target object role) in relation to another object (playing the reference object role), e.g., the location of a person relative to the city centre or the location of an anatomical structure relative to the longitudinal axis
A winner-loser relator connecting a winner and a loser team by a winner and a loser role
The marriage (relator) of John and Mary (in which Mary plays the wife role and John the husband role)
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/Risk_situation
A risk situation is a treatment situation that contains such a combination of KPIs that can lead to an adverse situation with a certain probability.
Dura mater infection risk (situation) during cochlear implantation: age < 5 month AND no meningitis vaccination AND no antibiotic prevention
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Role
We distinguish between continuant part roles, processual roles, situational roles and relational roles.
A role is a relational entity that links a continuant (role player) with some context, in which the continuant plays that role.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Situation
A situation can exist at a certain point in time or during a certain period of time and can be part or result of a process or another situation.
Situations are combinations/constellations of attributives that belong together in the context of the use case under consideration.
A risk situation when treating a patient in hospital if his laboratory values (qualities) are in the critical range over a certain period of time
The situation after the wedding of John and Mary (i.e., the situation in which they are married containing the marriage relator with a husband and a wife role)
The situation at the end of a football match containing players' qualities (e.g., number of goals or assists), teams' qualities (e.g., number of goals or ball possession) and a winner-loser relator with one team playing the winner role and the other team playing the loser role
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/SituationalRole
A situational role is the role that a participant plays in a situation.
Roles played by a doctor and a patient in a risk/adverse situation in hospital
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/Surface
A surface is a 2-dimensional immaterial continuant.
Frontal plane of the human skeleton
Surface of the football field
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/TimeBoundary
Start point in time of a football match
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/TimeEntity
The time entities defined in GFO-light are points in time (time boundaries) and time intervals/periods (chronoids), which consist of points in time.
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/Treatment
A treatment is a process of medical treating a patient in hospital.
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/Treatment_phase
A treatment phase is a time-limited part of the treatment.
Anamnesis phase
Indication phase
Intraoperative phase
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/Treatment_situation
Treatment situations can be analyzed for the presence of risks at certain points in time (of risk detection).
A treatment situation is any situation arising during treatment.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/after
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/attributiveOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/before
X before Y: Xf < Ys
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/boundaryOf
Immaterial continuants can be considered as (outer or inner) boundaries (boundaryOf). Note that surfaces are boundaries of material continuants, lines are boundaries of surfaces and points are boundaries of lines.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/causedBy
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/causes
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/containsRole
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/during
X during Y: Xs > Ys and Xf < Yf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasAttributive
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasBoundary
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasInnerBoundary
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasMember
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasNaturalBoundary
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasOwner
Immaterial continuants can be assigned to a corresponding material continuant using the object property hasOwner.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasPart
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasParticipant
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasProcessPart
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasQuality
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasSituationPart
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasTemporalPart
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasTime
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/innerBoundaryOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/instanceOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/instantiatedBy
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/leadsTo
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/locatedIn
Material objects can be located in other material objects (locatedIn, e.g., the driver is located in the car).
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/locationOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/memberOf
To model the membership of a member in a group/aggregate, the more specific object properties hasMember/memberOf should be used instead of hasPart/PartOf.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/naturalBoundaryOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/ownerOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/partOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/participatesIn
Continuants can participate in processes and situations (participatesIn, hasParticipant).
Player A1 participates in a goal situation.
Teams A and B participate in a football match.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/playedBy
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/plays
The role players are associated with the roles they play using object properties plays or playedBy.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/processPartOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/qualityOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/relates
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/resultsFrom
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/roleIn
Roles are assigned to the corresponding context entity (continuant, process, situation, relator) using object properties roleIn or containsRole.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/situationPartOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/spatiallyEndsOn
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/spatiallyPassesThrough
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/spatiallyStartsOn
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporalPartOf
X temporal part of Y: X starts Y or X finishes Y or X during Y
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyContains
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyEqual
X equal Y: Xs = Ys and Xf = Yf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyFinishedBy
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyFinishes
X finishes Y: Xs > Ys and Xf = Yf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyMeets
X meets Y: Xf = Ys
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyMetBy
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyOverlappedBy
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyOverlaps
X overlaps Y: Xs < Ys and Xf > Ys and Xf < Yf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyRelatedWith
If a temporal relation is applied to other concrete individuals as time intervals (attributive, continuant, process, situation), it is propagated to their existence times (hasTime).
Temporal relations between time intervals based on Allen, J. F. (1983). Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals. Communications of the ACM, 26(11), 832-843.
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyStartedBy
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/temporallyStarts
X starts Y: Xs = Ys and Xf < Yf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/timeOf
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/afterDateTimeValue
Shortcut for 'after'
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/beforeDateTimeValue
Shortcut for 'before'
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/booleanValue
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/containsDateTimeValue
Shortcut for 'temporallyContains'
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/dateTimeValue
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/decimalValue
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/finishedByDateTimeValue
Shortcut for 'temporallyFinishedBy'
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/hasTemporalPartDateTimeValue
Shortcut for 'hasTemporalPart'
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/startedByDateTimeValue
Shortcut for 'temporallyStartedBy'
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/stringValue
IRI: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/unit
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/adverse_situation_probability
IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/adverse_situation_severity
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment
IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/created
IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition
IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description
IRI: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/doi
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example
IRI: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage
IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/license
IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/modified
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespaceURI
IRI: http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#repository
IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionInfo
The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.
An adverse situation is any untoward/undesirable treatment situation.