This ontology has been developed for the SPICE Project (https://spice-h2020.github.io/) and it is based on Shaver's Emotion Theory. A visualization of the ontology structure is available here: https://github.com/spice-h2020/SON/blob/main/ShaverEmotions/shavernew.png Author: Bruno Sartini Inverse of Refers to prototype emotion Is prototype emotion of Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. This property was introduced to link an emotion word to the Emotion Prototype that was chosen to identify a cluster in Shaver studies. refers to prototype emotion Adoration Affection Aggravation Agitation Agony Alarm Alienation Amazement Amusement "Something (usually another person, in these accounts) interferes with the person's execution of plans or attainment of goals (by reducing the person's power, violating expectations, frustrating or interrupting goal-directed activities). Alternatively, the person perceives another as harming him or her in some way (inflicting physical or psychological pain)." Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. Anger is a reaction to an event that complicates, negates, or interferes with the experiences intentions, plans, often making them hard or impossible to carry out. The experiencer stands against this event in a fightful stance. Anger Anguish Annoyance Anxiety Apprehension Arousal Astonishment Attraction Bitterness Bliss Caring Cheerfulness Compassion Contempt Contentment Defeat Dejection Delight Depression Desire Despair Disappointment Disgust Dislike Dismay Displeasure Distress Dread Eagerness Ecstasy Elation Embarrassment "The coders' judgments were used to produce a feature summary of each narrative account. A feature was scored as present in a given account if at least two of three coders agreed that it was present. On the basis of these codings, we determined the prototypical features of the basic emotion categories." Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. An emotion event is the event that triggers an emotion or the physical/psychological effect that the emotion triggers on the experiencer. It was extracted by the narration of an emotional episode of the participants of Shaver Study. Emotion Feature Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. Emotion words describe the emotions that emerged from Shaver's study across various emotion theories Emotion Word Enjoyment Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Exasperation Excitement Exhilaration "[...]fear accounts begin with an interpretation of events as potentially dangerous or threatening to the self—most commonly, an anticipation of physical harm, loss, rejection, or failure. The fear antecedents also include a set of situational factors (unfamiliar situation, being in the dark, being alone) that probably increase the person's perceived vulnerability to such threats and impede his or her chances of coping effectively." Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. Fear is a reaction towards events that are perceived by the epxeriencer as potentially dangerous, and might cause either physical or psychological harm. This reaction is an anticipation of the potential danger of this event or the event(s) that might follow. Fear Ferocity Fondness Fright Frustration Fury Gaiety Gladness Glee Gloom Glumness Grief Grouchiness Grumpiness Guilt Happiness Hate Homesickness Hope Hopelessness Horror Hostility Humiliation Hurt Hysteria Infatuation Insecurity Insult Irritation Isolation Jealousy Jolliness Joviality "Whereas sadness accounts begin with undesirable outcomes (getting what is not wanted, suffering social rejection, losing a valued relationship), joy accounts begin with positive outcomes—getting something desired or desirable. In contrast to the losses and failures that trigger sadness, the desirable outcome that initiates happiness is frequently a gain or success in the achievement domain (task success, achievement) or in the social domain (receiving esteem or affection)." Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. Joy is a reaction towards an event that positively influences the experiencer life such as the achievement of something. Joy Jubilation Liking Loathing Loneliness Longing "[...]in the case of love, they promote a similar sense of well-being that is personalized (i.e., that is attributed to the presence or existence of the love object). Love is marked by several additional antecedents. According to our subjects, love can occur because one has shared time or special experiences with the other person, because one finds the other physically or psychologically attractive, because one enjoys exceptionally good communication with the other person, or because one feels open and trusting in the person's presence." Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. Love is a reaction to an event that positively affects the life of the experiencer, that is triggered by someone or something towards which they feel something romantic or simply special. In contrast with joy in which the trigger of the event can be anything. Love Lust Melancholy Misery Mortification Neglect Nervousness Optimism Outrage Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride "If contemporary cognitive psychology is correct in claiming that repeated experiences with similar events lead to the construction of generic mental representations, then ordinary, untrained subjects should construct emotion prototypes and implicitly use them when witnessing and recounting emotion episodes." Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. Prototype emotions are the Emotions that emerged in Shaver as the protypical reactions to events that trigger an emotion. Prototype Emotion Rage Rapture Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Revulsion "The sad person has experienced an undesirable outcome; often he or she has experienced one of the events that the fearful person dreads—death of a loved one, loss of a relationship, or social rejection. Like fear, sadness involves "discovering that one is powerless, helpless, or impotent" to change the unhappy circumstances (cf. Seligman, 1975)." Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. Sadness is a reaction to an unpleasant event that leads to a downward spiral of negativity, sense of giving up and hopelessness. Sadness Satisfaction Scorn Sentimentality Shame Shock Sorrow Spite Suffering Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C. Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID: 3598857. Surprise is only included in a first list of Emotion Prototypes, but it is not given a definition by Shaver. Surprise Sympathy Tenderness Tenseness Terror Thrill Torment Triumph Uneasiness Unhappiness Vengefulness Woe Worry Wrath Zeal Zest Attacking something other than cause Being alone Being in the dark Communicating the good feeling Crying Death of a loved one Doing nice things for other people Exceptionally good communication Expressing positive feelings to other Feeling excited Hands or fists clenched Hugging people Imagining attacking the cause of anger Jumping up and down Kissing Narrowing of attention Nonverbally communicating disapproval Other offers something wanted, etc. Person finds other attractive Physically attacking the cause of anger Picturing a disastrous conclusion Predisposition to anger Real or threatened pain Reality exceeding expectations Reality falling short of expectations Receiving a wonderful surprise Saying positive things Saying sad things Sharing the feeling Smiling Talking little or not at all Talking to someone about sadness Threat of harm or death Threat of social rejection Tightness or rigidity in body Verbally attacking the cause of anger Violation of expectation wanted Wanting physical closeness or sex Withdrawing from social contact Acting unafraid, hiding the fear Aggressive, threatening gestures Being accepted, belonging Being bouncy, bubbly Being courteous, friendly to others Being forgetful, distracted, etc. Being talkative, talking a lot Blaming, criticizing oneself Bright, glowing face Brooding; withdrawing from contact Comforting self, trying to keep calm Complaining, bitching, etc. Crying, whimpering Crying, tears, whimpering Desirable outcome; getting what was Discovering one is powerless, helpless Empathy with someone who is sad, hurt Experiencing pleasurable stimuli, etc. Eye contact, mutual gaze Eyes darting, looking quickly around Feeling/acting self-confident, etc. Feeling excited, high energy, etc. Feeling happy, joyful, exuberant, etc. Feeling nervous, jittery, jumpy Feeling relaxed, calm Feeling warm, trusting, secure, etc. Fleeing, running, walking hurriedly Frowning, not smiling Frowning, not smiling, etc. Frustration/interruption of activity Getting something striven for, etc. Giggling, laughing Giving up; no longer trying to improve Gritting teeth, showing teeth, etc. Having shared time, experiences Heavy walk, stomping Hiding from threat, trying not to move High thresh hold for worry, annoyance Hugging, holding, cuddling Incoherent, out of control, emotional Irritable, touchy, grouchy Judgment of illegitimacy, unfairness Losing ability to focus, disoriented Loss of control, competence Loss of relationship; separation Loud voice, yelling, screaming Low, quiet, slow, monotonous voice Moping, brooding, being moody Negative outlook; thinking negatively Nervous, fearful talk Nervous tension, anxiety, discomfort Not getting what was wanted, etc. Novel, unfamiliar situation Obscenities, cursing Other inspires openness, trust, etc. Person knows other loves, needs, him or her Physically energetic, active, 'hyper' Pleading, crying for help Positive outlook; seeing bright side Possibility of loss, failure Receiving esteem, respect, praise Receiving love, liking, affection Red, flushed face Redefining the situation, etc. Rejection, exclusion, disapproval Reversal or loss of power, status Saying 'I love you' Screaming, yelling Seeing only the positive side, etc. Shaking, quivering, trembling Shaky, trembling voice Sitting, lying around; inactive, etc. Slow, shuffling movements Slumped, drooping posture Suppressing anger; trying not to show it Suppressing feelings; acting happy Sweating, perspiring Taking action, becoming active Talking less, being speechless Task success, achievement Thinking 'I'm right,' etc. Tired, run-down, low in energy Touching, petting Undesirable outcome, negative surprise Voice is enthusiastic, excited Wanting the best for other, etc. Wanting to see, spend time with other