contains
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A binary relation where the subject entity includes the object entity within its spatial, temporal, structural, or conceptual extent.
inverse of: is in
type: TransitiveProperty

unit
type: Class
comment: a unit is a standardized quantity that is used as a reference for a particular quantity.
subclass of: quantity

is referred to in
range: information object
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Thing
comment: is referred to in is relation between an object that is the subject of an information object.
inverse of: refers to

quantity
subclass of: information object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: unit
comment: A quantity is an information object that represents the magnitude (and unit) of an object or process.
type: Class

is item in
domain: Thing
range: collection
comment: has item is a relation between an item and the collection in which it contained.
sub property of: topObjectProperty
type: ObjectProperty

duration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: float
    with restrictions:
      min inclusive: 0.0
comment: Duration is a temporal quantity that represents the extent or (non-negative) amount of time that elapses between two temporal points, typically the start and end of a time interval.
subclass of: time
type: Class

is in
comment: A binary relation where the object entity includes the subject entity within its spatial, temporal, structural, or conceptual extent.
type: TransitiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty

is preceded by
range: process
comment: A relation in which one process occurs after to another process.
domain: process
inverse of: precedes
type: ObjectProperty

end time
comment: an end time is a time instant at the end of a process/time interval.
disjoint with: start time
subclass of: time instant
type: Class

at time
alternative: existsAt
comment: a relation between any thing and the time in which it occurs at.
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Thing
inverse of: is time of
range: time

has value
comment: has value is the (only) data type attribute to store the values of information objects.
domain: information object
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: process
comment: A relation in which one process occurs prior to another process.
range: process

Simplified Upper Level Ontology
publisher: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4727-9435
status: active
type: Ontology
preferred namespace prefix: sulo
authored by: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4727-9435
backward compatible with: sulo-0.2.3.ttl
created: 2024-11-11
has representation language: OWL
comment: The Simplified Upper Level Ontology (SULO) is ontology with a minimal set of classes and relations to guide the development of a personal health knowledge graph.
issued: 2025-07-11
funding: This work is partially supported by the AIDAVA project (GA 101057062), as part of the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme.
bibliographic citation: Michel Dumontier, Remzi Çelebi, Komal Gilani, Isabelle de Zegher, Katerina Serafimova, Catalina Martínez Costa and Stefan Schulz. SULO - a simplified upper-level ontology. Proceedings of the Joint Ontology Workshops (JOWO) - Episode XI: The Sicilian Summer under the Etna, co-located with the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2025), September 8-9, 2025, Catania, Italy
alternative: SULO
language: en
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0
has syntax: Turtle
prior version: sulo-0.2.3.ttl
included in data catalog: sulo
version IRI: sulo-0.2.9.ttl
contributor: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7222-3287
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4727-9435
definition property: comment
version info: 0.2.9
access URL: https://w3id.org/sulo/sulo.ttl
pref label property: label
modified: 2025-11-20

refers to
domain: information object
range: Thing
type: ObjectProperty
comment: refers to is a binary relation between an information object and any other object that it mentions, describes, represents, encodes, or otherwise provides information about.

feature
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: feature
  on property: has part
comment: A feature is any characteristic that stems from the intrisinc structure and/or context
example: the capability to fly, a collection of cards, a measured height of 170cm.
disjoint union of: capability
disjoint union of: information object
disjoint union of: quality
disjoint union of: role
disjoint with: spatial object
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
    union of: object
    union of: process
  on property: is feature of
subclass of: object

has item
range: Thing
comment: has item is a relation between a collection and an item contained therein.
domain: collection
inverse of: is item in
type: ObjectProperty

has feature
inverse of: is feature of
domain: Class
  union of: object
  union of: process
type: ObjectProperty
range: feature
comment: has feature is a relation between a thing and an internal, contextual, or externally attributed characteristic.

collection
example: a stamp collection, a murder of crows, the arm of a clinical trial
disjoint with: quantity
comment: A collection is an information object for which there may be zero or more items.
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has item
  all values from: Thing
subclass of: information object

is feature of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: feature
comment: is feature of is a relation between an internal, contextual, or externally attributed characteristic and some Thing.
range: Class
  union of: object
  union of: process

quality
comment: the color of an apple, the smoothness of skin, the brightness of a star, the speed of an event
comment: A quality is a feature that is intrinsically associated with its bearer (or its parts).
type: Class
subclass of: feature

is direct part of
comment: is direct part is a non-transitive parthood relation that can be used to specify cardinality constraints between a part and its whole.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is part of

has direct part
sub property of: has part
type: ObjectProperty
comment: has direct part is a non-transitive parthood relation that can be used to specify cardinality constraints between a whole and its parts.
inverse of: is direct part of

time
subclass of: quantity
disjoint with: unit
comment: time is a quantity pertaining to the duration of some interval of time or a particular instant of time (against some frame of reference).
type: Class
disjoint union of: duration
disjoint union of: time instant
disjoint union of: time interval

object
example: a heart, the function to pump blood, the role of a doctor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  all values from: object
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: has part
    some values from: process
comment: An object is an entity that maintains its identity through time, and does not have processes as its parts.
disjoint with: process

is part of
type: ReflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is in
comment: is part of is a transitive, reflexive and antisymmetric relation between a part and itself or a part and a whole.
type: TransitiveProperty

time instant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Datatype
    union of: date
    union of: dateTime
    union of: dateTimeStamp
  on property: has value
subclass of: time
comment: time instant is a quantity of time a particular moment in time.
type: Class

is participant in
comment: is participant in is a relation to relate an object and the process in which it participates.
range: process
type: ObjectProperty
domain: object

information object
comment: an information object is a feature that represents, is about, or encodes some information.
subclass of: feature
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: information object
  on property: has part
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Literal
  on property: has value

role
type: Class
example: a teacher, a student, a catalyst, a substrate, a product, a patient
subclass of: feature
comment: A role is a feature that describes a context-dependent behaviour.

has part
type: TransitiveProperty
comment: has part is a transitive, reflexive and antisymmetric relation between a whole and itself or a whole and its part.
type: ReflexiveProperty
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contains
inverse of: is part of

time interval
type: Class
comment: A time interval is a quantity for a continuous and bounded extent of time, characterized by a start time and an end time.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has direct part
  some values from: end time
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: unit
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: start time
  on property: has direct part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: float
  on property: has value
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: duration
subclass of: time

spatial object
example: a mountain, a planet, a photon, the lining of the stomach, the cavity of the stomach, the space between mars and earth
subclass of: object
comment: A spatial object is an object that occupies space
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: spatial object
  on property: has part

has participant
inverse of: is participant in
domain: process
comment: has participant is a relation that describes the participation of a (non-process) thing in a process.
property chain axiom: has participant
property chain axiom:
  inverse of: has feature
type: ObjectProperty
range: object

start time
type: Class
comment: a start time is a time instant at the beginning of a process/time interval.
subclass of: time instant

is time of
comment: a relation between a time and an object that occurs within it.
range: Thing
domain: time
type: ObjectProperty

process
example: the process of diagnosing a problem condition, the process of walking down the street, the process of teaching a class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  all values from: process
type: Class
comment: a process is a entity that unfolds in time, has temporal parts, and has objects that participate in the process.

capability
type: Class
comment: A capability is a feature that describes what an entity is able to do, under some set of circumstances.
subclass of: feature
example: the capability to fly, the capabilty to reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction, the capability to reason