contains
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
inverse of: is in
comment: A binary relation where the subject entity includes the object entity within its spatial, temporal, structural, or conceptual extent.

unit
type: Class
subclass of: quantity
comment: a unit is a standardized quantity that is used as a reference for a particular quantity.

is referred to in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: refers to
domain: Thing
range: information object
comment: is referred to in is relation between an object that is the subject of an information object.

quantity
type: Class
subclass of: information object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: unit
comment: A quantity is an information object that represents the magnitude (and unit) of an object or process.

is item in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Thing
range: collection
comment: has item is a relation between an item and the collection in which it contained.

duration
type: Class
subclass of: time
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value
  some values from: Datatype
    on datatype: float
    with restrictions:
      min inclusive: 0.0
comment: Duration is a temporal quantity that represents the extent or (non-negative) amount of time that elapses between two temporal points, typically the start and end of a time interval.

is in
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: A binary relation where the object entity includes the subject entity within its spatial, temporal, structural, or conceptual extent.

is preceded by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: precedes
domain: process
range: process
comment: A relation in which one process occurs after to another process.

end time
type: Class
subclass of: time instant
disjoint with: start time
comment: an end time is a time instant at the end of a process/time interval.

at time
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is time of
domain: Thing
range: time
alternative: existsAt
comment: a relation between any thing and the time in which it occurs at.

has value
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: information object
comment: has value is the (only) data type attribute to store the values of information objects.

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: process
range: process
comment: A relation in which one process occurs prior to another process.

Simplified Upper Level Ontology
type: Ontology
version IRI: sulo-0.2.9.ttl
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4727-9435
alternative: SULO
bibliographic citation: Michel Dumontier, Remzi Çelebi, Komal Gilani, Isabelle de Zegher, Katerina Serafimova, Catalina Martínez Costa and Stefan Schulz. SULO - a simplified upper-level ontology. Proceedings of the Joint Ontology Workshops (JOWO) - Episode XI: The Sicilian Summer under the Etna, co-located with the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2025), September 8-9, 2025, Catania, Italy
contributor: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7222-3287
created: 2024-11-11
issued: 2025-07-11
language: en
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0
modified: 2025-11-20
publisher: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4727-9435
authored by: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4727-9435
preferred namespace prefix: sulo
comment: The Simplified Upper Level Ontology (SULO) is ontology with a minimal set of classes and relations to guide the development of a personal health knowledge graph.
backward compatible with: sulo-0.2.3.ttl
prior version: sulo-0.2.3.ttl
version info: 0.2.9
access URL: https://w3id.org/sulo/sulo.ttl
funding: This work is partially supported by the AIDAVA project (GA 101057062), as part of the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme.
included in data catalog: sulo
definition property: comment
has representation language: OWL
has syntax: Turtle
pref label property: label
status: active

refers to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: information object
range: Thing
comment: refers to is a binary relation between an information object and any other object that it mentions, describes, represents, encodes, or otherwise provides information about.

feature
type: Class
subclass of: object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is feature of
  some values from: Class
    union of: object
    union of: process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  all values from: feature
disjoint with: spatial object
disjoint union of: capability
disjoint union of: information object
disjoint union of: quality
disjoint union of: role
comment: A feature is any characteristic that stems from the intrisinc structure and/or context
example: the capability to fly, a collection of cards, a measured height of 170cm.

has item
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is item in
domain: collection
range: Thing
comment: has item is a relation between a collection and an item contained therein.

has feature
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is feature of
domain: Class
  union of: object
  union of: process
range: feature
comment: has feature is a relation between a thing and an internal, contextual, or externally attributed characteristic.

collection
type: Class
subclass of: information object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has item
  all values from: Thing
disjoint with: quantity
comment: A collection is an information object for which there may be zero or more items.
example: a stamp collection, a murder of crows, the arm of a clinical trial

is feature of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: feature
range: Class
  union of: object
  union of: process
comment: is feature of is a relation between an internal, contextual, or externally attributed characteristic and some Thing.

quality
type: Class
subclass of: feature
comment: A quality is a feature that is intrinsically associated with its bearer (or its parts).
comment: the color of an apple, the smoothness of skin, the brightness of a star, the speed of an event

is direct part of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is part of
comment: is direct part is a non-transitive parthood relation that can be used to specify cardinality constraints between a part and its whole.

has direct part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has part
inverse of: is direct part of
comment: has direct part is a non-transitive parthood relation that can be used to specify cardinality constraints between a whole and its parts.

time
type: Class
subclass of: quantity
disjoint with: unit
disjoint union of: duration
disjoint union of: time instant
disjoint union of: time interval
comment: time is a quantity pertaining to the duration of some interval of time or a particular instant of time (against some frame of reference).

object
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
    on property: has part
    some values from: process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  all values from: object
disjoint with: process
comment: An object is an entity that maintains its identity through time, and does not have processes as its parts.
example: a heart, the function to pump blood, the role of a doctor

is part of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
type: ReflexiveProperty
sub property of: is in
comment: is part of is a transitive, reflexive and antisymmetric relation between a part and itself or a part and a whole.

time instant
type: Class
subclass of: time
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value
  all values from: Datatype
    union of: date
    union of: dateTime
    union of: dateTimeStamp
comment: time instant is a quantity of time a particular moment in time.

is participant in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: object
range: process
comment: is participant in is a relation to relate an object and the process in which it participates.

information object
type: Class
subclass of: feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  all values from: information object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value
  all values from: Literal
comment: an information object is a feature that represents, is about, or encodes some information.

role
type: Class
subclass of: feature
comment: A role is a feature that describes a context-dependent behaviour.
example: a teacher, a student, a catalyst, a substrate, a product, a patient

has part
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
type: ReflexiveProperty
sub property of: contains
inverse of: is part of
comment: has part is a transitive, reflexive and antisymmetric relation between a whole and itself or a whole and its part.

time interval
type: Class
subclass of: time
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has direct part
  some values from: end time
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has direct part
  some values from: start time
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: duration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: unit
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has value
  all values from: float
comment: A time interval is a quantity for a continuous and bounded extent of time, characterized by a start time and an end time.

spatial object
type: Class
subclass of: object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  all values from: spatial object
comment: A spatial object is an object that occupies space
example: a mountain, a planet, a photon, the lining of the stomach, the cavity of the stomach, the space between mars and earth

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is participant in
domain: process
range: object
property chain axiom: has participant
property chain axiom:
  inverse of: has feature
comment: has participant is a relation that describes the participation of a (non-process) thing in a process.

start time
type: Class
subclass of: time instant
comment: a start time is a time instant at the beginning of a process/time interval.

is time of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: time
range: Thing
comment: a relation between a time and an object that occurs within it.

process
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  all values from: process
comment: a process is a entity that unfolds in time, has temporal parts, and has objects that participate in the process.
example: the process of diagnosing a problem condition, the process of walking down the street, the process of teaching a class

capability
type: Class
subclass of: feature
comment: A capability is a feature that describes what an entity is able to do, under some set of circumstances.
example: the capability to fly, the capabilty to reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction, the capability to reason