The SUDO Ontology is an ontology for representing ideas, issues, arguments, and approaches in scientific research and scholarly communication. Nipun D. Pathirage Scientific literature communicates knowledge not only through data and results but also through structured scholarly discourse, including motivations, problems, proposed ideas, supporting evidence, and claims. These abstract components are distributed across documents and connected through citations, making them difficult to extract and represent automatically. Existing scholarly knowledge graphs largely focus on metadata or citation networks, offering limited support for modeling scientific intent and argumentation. The SUDO Graph addresses this limitation by introducing an ontology-centered framework that captures both concrete document structure and abstract scholarly discourse in a unified knowledge graph. The framework integrates layout-aware document parsing, ontology-guided extraction with large language models, and structured RDF instantiation. In addition, it models provenance information for all knowledge graph construction operations and adopts the PAV ontology to manage versioning and lineage of extracted instances. This design enables interpretable, evolvable, and semantically grounded scholarly knowledge graphs suitable for advanced querying, reasoning, and machine-assisted knowledge discovery. https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT 2025-12-29 Tetherless World Constellation | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute SUDO Ontology https://w3id.org/twc/sudo/ontology# The Idea Graph is a framework for constructing ontology-driven scholarly knowledge graphs from scientific literature. It models scientific publications across three interconnected layers: document structure, extracted information, and abstract scholarly discourse such as research problems, ideas, evidence, and claims. The framework employs a discourse-aware ontology inspired by argumentation theory to align textual grounding, rhetorical intent, and citation attribution. An end-to-end pipeline transforms scientific PDFs into RDF graphs using layout-preserving parsing and ontology-guided large language model extraction. To ensure transparency and reproducibility, the system explicitly represents knowledge graph construction provenance and integrates the PAV ontology for instance-level versioning and lineage tracking. The resulting graphs support semantic querying, retrieval-augmented generation, and interactive visualization of discourse structures and citation roles. 3.4.0 Formatting and URI update of SUDO Ontology version 3.2.0. Copyright (c) 2026 TWC The citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism). cites A structured element contains another generic element. contains skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel and skos:hiddenLabel are pairwise disjoint properties. The range of skos:altLabel is the class of RDF plain literals. alternative label skos:closeMatch is used to link two concepts that are sufficiently similar that they can be used interchangeably in some information retrieval applications. In order to avoid the possibility of "compound errors" when combining mappings across more than two concept schemes, skos:closeMatch is not declared to be a transitive property. has close match B belongs to A, B is a feature of A, B is under A domain. E.g. prior knowledge of the model genre-specific regularities of discourse structure English text in science domain feature of http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 B is a part of A... E.g. The system includes two models: speech recognition and natural language understanding We inc part of http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 Recommended practice is to describe the date, date/time, or period of time as recommended for the property Date, of which this is a subproperty. Date Issued Date of formal issuance of the resource. Recommended practice is to refer to the subject with a URI. If this is not possible or feasible, a literal value that identifies the subject may be provided. Both should preferably refer to a subject in a controlled vocabulary. Subject A topic of the resource. A name given to the resource. Title The position of an item in a series or sequence of items. position The number of citations received by a scholarly publication, work, or other citable resource according to a specified bibliographic source or index. citation count A compilation of documents published from an event, such as a conference. Proceedings An element of a document that carries out a rhetorical function. discourse element A self-contained unit of discourse that deals with a particular point or idea. Paragraphs contains one or more sentences. The start of a paragraph is indicated by beginning on a new line, which may be indented or separated by a small vertical space by the preceding paragraph. paragraph A logical division of the text, usually numbered and/or titled, which may contain subsections. section The title of a section. section title An expression in natural language forming a single grammatical unit. A sentence minimally consists of a subject and an intransitive verb, or a subject, a transitive verb and an object, and may include additional dependent clauses. In written text, a sentence is always terminated by a full stop. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, a question, an exclamation, a request or a command. sentence A scholarly work that reports original research contributions addressing theoretical, analytical or experimental aspects of a particular scholarly domain. E.g. see http://iswc2018.semanticweb.org/call-for-research-track-papers/. research paper A Person. (foaf) Person An Argument Proposition that presents, applies, or operationalizes a method, system, framework, dataset construction process, experimental setup, or other scholarly means used to address an Issue or realize an Idea. Approaches capture how a publication proposes to act on, investigate, or solve a research problem. approach An Argument Proposition that introduces a proposed insight, hypothesis, design principle, conceptual direction, or motivating proposal that guides the publication's response to an Issue. Ideas often motivate one or more concrete Approaches but may remain more conceptual than implementation-specific. idea An Argument Proposition that identifies a research problem, limitation, gap, challenge, question, or motivating condition addressed by the publication. Issues provide the argumentative context to which Ideas and Approaches respond. issue Argument feature of http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 part of http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 backs is valid unless Recommended practice is to identify the creator with a URI. If this is not possible or feasible, a literal value that identifies the creator may be provided. Creator An entity responsible for making the resource. A source-grounded, paper-local mention of a scholarly object, method, dataset, metric, task, term, or other noun-phrase referent. Artifacts preserve the original textual expression of concepts within a publication and may be aligned to canonical Concepts across papers. artifact A situation that, by means other than motivating a violational or non-violational action caused the situation presented in the artifact. cause https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf The proposition providing the situation presents the framework for interpreting the artifact. circumstance https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf A canonical scholarly concept that provides a cross-publication identity for recurring paper-local Artifact mentions. Concepts abstract over source-specific phrasings while preserving links to the Artifacts through which they are expressed in individual publications concept A realization of the situation presented in the proposition enables the realization of the situation presented in the artifact. condition https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf A Proposition that contextualizes, qualifies, characterizes, or elaborates an Artifact or another Proposition rather than advancing the publication's main research argument. Descriptors preserve local explanatory, evaluative, definitional, and conditional details that give scholarly concepts and statements their paper-specific meaning. descriptor https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf Additional details about the situation or some element of subject matter related to the artifact. elaboration https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf a proposition related the situation in the artifact to degree of context's positive regards toward the situation presented in the artifact. evaluation https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf B is a hyponym of A, B is a type of A. E.g. TUIT is a software library NLP applications such as machine translation and language generation hyponym of http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 a proposition relates the situation presented in the artifact to a framework of ideas not involved in the artifact itself. interpretation https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf Data, datasets, resources, Corpus, Knowledge base. - e.g. image data, speech data, stereo images, bilingual dictionary, paraphrased questions, CoNLL, Panntreebank, WordNet, Wikipedia, etc. material http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 Methods , models, systems to use, or tools, components of a system, frameworks. - e.g. language model, CORENLP, POS parser, kernel method, etc. method http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 Metrics, measures, or entities that can express quality of a system/method. - e.g. F1, BLEU, Precision, Recall, ROC curve, mean reciprocal rank, mean-squared error, robustness, time complexity, etc. metric http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 A source-grounded representation of the meaning expressed by a finite clause in a publication. Propositions preserve what the author asserts, proposes, explains, evaluates, qualifies, or otherwise communicates, and serve as first-class nodes for modeling scholarly discourse and relations that cannot be reduced to entity-to-entity triples. proposition A situation to be realized through the activity in the artifact. purpose https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf a proposition restates the artifact, where the proposition and the artifact are of comparable bulk. restatement https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf A Proposition presets a situation that could ahve been caused by the situation presented in the artifact. result https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf The proposition representing the situation that solves by the artifact. solutionhood https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf A restatement of the content of the artifact, that is shorter in bulk. summary https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf Applications, problems to solve, systems to construct. - e.g. information extraction, machine reading system, image segmentation, etc. task http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 General terms or pronouns that may refer to a entity but are not themselves informative, often used as connection words. term http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602 the situation presented in the proposition as a cause for the volitional or non-violation action presented in the artifact causes https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf Relates one Proposition to another Proposition when the source acknowledges a limitation, exception, counterpoint, or opposing consideration while leaving the target proposition still relevant or defensible. This predicate is derived from the RST Concession relation. concede https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf recognizes how the realization of the situation presented in artifact depends on the realization of the situation presented in the proposition. condition https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf the proposition provides the framework for interpreting the reference artifact. contextualizes https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf Relates one Proposition to another Proposition that it contrasts with, opposes, or presents as an alternative perspective. This predicate is derived from the RST Antithesis relation. contrast https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf The proposition presents additiona detail about the situation or some element of subject mattern which is presentes in the artifact or inferentially accessible in N in one or more of the way listed below; set: member abstract : instance whole : part process : step object : attribute generalization : specific elaborates https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf potential ability to perform the action presented in artifact increases enables https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf situation presented in the proposition assess the sutiation presented in the artifact and recognizes the value it assigns. evaluates https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf evidence https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf A qualifier that expresses as degree of force concerning a claim of an argument. http://purl.org/spar/amo/forces forces the situation presented in the artifact to a framework of ideas not involved in the knowledge presented in the artifact itself. interprets https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf Relates one Proposition to another Proposition when the source provides a reason, explanation, or argumentative basis that makes the target acceptable or warranted. This predicate is derived from the RST Justify relation. justify https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf A warrant that points to a claim from the related evidence within an argument. http://purl.org/spar/amo/leadsTo leads to Relates a Proposition to an Artifact that is explicitly mentioned in the Proposition's source text, without asserting a more specific semantic role between them. mentions https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf desire to perform action presented in the artifact is increased motivates https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf An evidence that founds a claim of an argument. http://purl.org/spar/amo/proves proves the activity in the artifact is initiated in order to realize the proposition. purposes https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf Relates a Proposition to another Proposition that it addresses as a motivating problem, question, need, or proposed response. This predicate is used both when an Idea responds to an Issue and when an Approach responds to an Issue by operationalizing a way to address it. response to https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf a proposition as a restatement of the artifact. restates https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf recognizes that the situation presented in the artifact, could be a cuase for the action or situation presented in the proposition. result https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf The artifact is a solution to the problem stated in the proposition. solves https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf a proposition as a shorter restatement of the artifact. summarizes https://www.sfu.ca/rst/05bibliographies/bibs/ISI_RS_87_190.pdf An evidence that supports a warrant of an argument. http://purl.org/spar/amo/supports supports B is used for A, B models A, A is trained on B, B exploits A, A is based on B. E.g. The TISPER system has been designed to enable many text applications. used for http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09602