Roles played by molecular entities within a biological context, dynamically populated from ChEBI. Includes biochemical roles, pharmacological roles, physiological roles, and other biological functions.
Any cell type from the Cell Ontology (CL), including native and experimentally modified cells
Cellular components and locations from Gene Ontology
Roles played by molecular entities within a chemical context, dynamically populated from ChEBI. Includes roles such as catalyst, reagent, solvent, indicator, buffer, and other chemical functions.
Human diseases from the Mondo Disease Ontology
Types of evidence used to support assertions, dynamically populated from the Evidence and Conclusion Ontology (ECO). Includes experimental evidence, computational evidence, author statements, and other evidence types.
Anatomical structures specific to humans (Homo sapiens)
Immune system cell types (leukocytes and their subtypes)
Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic organisms
Any anatomical structure found in metazoan organisms, including organs, tissues, and body parts
Neuron cell types from the Cell Ontology
The principal activity that a person does to earn money. Dynamic enum populated from NCIT occupation hierarchy including medical, professional, service, and military occupations.
Phenotypic abnormalities from Human Phenotype Ontology
Physical qualities like size, shape, color
Any anatomical structure found in plant organisms
A plant experimental condition describing the application of an abiotic (chemical, physical) or biotic (pathogen, insect, plant) exposure. Dynamically populated from PECO.
Phenotypic qualities and attributes from PATO
High-level classification of radiation types including electromagnetic, acoustic, and particle radiation. Dynamically populated from ENVO.
Sequence features from the Sequence Ontology
Types of studies, including clinical trials, observational studies, and other research investigations. Dynamically populated from NCIT descendants of Study (NCIT:C63536).
Merged Value Sets with Hierarchical Structure
All value sets merged into a single hierarchical structure with is_a relationships
Domain-level enum for analytical_chemistry value sets
Schema-level enum for arxiv_categories in publishing
Schema-level enum for bgc_categories in bio
Schema-level enum for collection_methods in earth_science
Schema-level enum for contributor_roles in data_catalog
Schema-level enum for contributor in root
Schema-level enum for currency_chemicals in bio
Schema-level enum for data_absent_reason in data
Schema-level enum for diagnosis_categories in medical
Schema-level enum for ecological_interactions in root
Schema-level enum for evidence in provenance
Schema-level enum for expression_units in bio
Schema-level enum for fao_soil in earth_science
Schema-level enum for fixity in preservation
Schema-level enum for fossil_fuels in energy
Schema-level enum for genetics in clinical
Schema-level enum for genome_features in bio
Domain-level enum for geography value sets
Schema-level enum for go_causality in bio
Schema-level enum for healthcare in root
Schema-level enum for insdc_geographic_locations in bio
Schema-level enum for insdc_missing_values in bio
Schema-level enum for lipid_categories in bio
Schema-level enum for ontologies in computing
Schema-level enum for person_status in social
Schema-level enum for physiographic_features in earth_science
Schema-level enum for plant_biology in bio
Schema-level enum for plant_developmental_stages in bio
Schema-level enum for prediction_outcomes in statistics
Domain-level enum for provenance value sets
Schema-level enum for quantity_kinds in units
Schema-level enum for reaction_directionality in chemistry
Schema-level enum for relations in data_catalog
Schema-level enum for relationship_to_oxygen in bio
Schema-level enum for resource_types in data_catalog
Schema-level enum for sample_types in earth_science
Domain-level enum for spatial value sets
Schema-level enum for states_of_matter in physics
Domain-level enum for statistics value sets
Schema-level enum for statistics in root
Schema-level enum for stewardship in root
Schema-level enum for trophic_levels in bio
Schema-level enum for uniprot_species in bio
Schema-level enum for viral_genome_types in bio
Macromolecular Crystallographic Information File
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
The object is not protected by copyright, either because copyright has expired, was never applicable, or has been waived.
The copyright status cannot be determined.
A checksum algorithm developed by Mark Adler. Faster than CRC32 but with weaker error detection. Used in zlib compression.
Cyclic Redundancy Check with 32-bit output. Used for error detection in network transmissions and storage. Not cryptographically secure.
A cryptographic hash function that can produce hash values of 128, 160, 192, 224, or 256 bits. Variable number of rounds.
Message Digest 2 algorithm producing a 128-bit hash value. Designed for 8-bit computers. Considered cryptographically broken.
Message Digest 5 algorithm producing a 128-bit hash value. Widely used but vulnerable to collision attacks. Acceptable for non-security integrity checks only.
Secure Hash Algorithm 1 producing a 160-bit hash value. Deprecated for security applications due to collision vulnerabilities. Still acceptable for integrity verification in some contexts.
SHA-2 variant producing a 256-bit hash value. Widely used and considered secure for most applications. Recommended for digital preservation.
SHA-2 variant producing a 384-bit hash value. Truncated version of SHA-512.
SHA-2 variant producing a 512-bit hash value. Highest security level in the SHA-2 family.
A cryptographic hash function designed for 64-bit platforms. Produces a 192-bit hash value.
The hash algorithm is not known or not specified.
A cryptographic hash function producing a 512-bit hash value. Based on a modified AES block cipher.
The event completed with warnings or issues.
The process of adding objects to a repository's holdings.
The process of evaluating objects for long-term retention.
The process of recording or acquiring digital content.
The process of reducing file size through encoding.
The process of converting source code into executable code.
The act of creating a new digital object.
The process of removing objects from a repository's holdings.
The process of restoring compressed data to its original form.
The process of converting encrypted data back to plaintext.
The process of creating a digital signature for authentication.
The process of presenting content for viewing.
The process of making content available to users.
The process of verifying the authenticity of a digital signature.
The process of converting plaintext to ciphertext.
The process of running software or scripts.
The process of extracting content from a system.
The process of retrieving content from a container or archive.
The process of verifying data integrity using checksums or hashes.
The process of determining the file format of a digital object.
Analysis of digital objects for authenticity or provenance evidence.
The process of creating a bit-level copy of storage media.
The completion of the ingestion process.
The process of accepting and processing submitted content.
The process of rendering or executing interpretable content.
Creating a packaged unit of content and metadata (SIP, AIP, DIP).
Combining multiple information packages into one.
Dividing an information package into multiple packages.
The process of extracting metadata from digital objects.
The process of changing metadata associated with an object.
The process of computing a hash or checksum value.
The process of converting content from one format to another to ensure continued accessibility.
The act of changing the content of a digital object.
The process of converting content to a standard format for preservation or access.
The process of combining files into a container format.
The act of associating preservation policies with objects.
The process of producing a physical copy of digital content.
Isolating objects suspected of containing malware or corruption.
The process of restoring objects from backup or damaged media.
The process of removing sensitive content from objects.
Copying data to new storage media without format change.
The process of generating a viewable representation.
Creating exact copies for redundancy or distribution.
Moving objects between systems or locations.
Extracting files from a container format.
Releasing objects from quarantine after verification.
Verifying that objects conform to expected specifications.
Scanning objects for malware or viruses.
Contiguous or non-contiguous data within a file that has meaningful properties for preservation purposes. A bitstream cannot be transformed into a standalone file without the addition of file structure.
A named and ordered sequence of bytes that is known to an operating system. A file can be zero or more bytes and has a file format, access permissions, and other file system characteristics.
A coherent set of content that is reasonably described as a unit. Examples include a book, a photograph, a database, or a software application. An intellectual entity may contain other intellectual entities.
The set of files, including structural metadata, needed for a complete and reasonable rendition of an intellectual entity. A digital object may have multiple representations.
The preservation level that the repository is capable of providing based on its technical infrastructure and resources.
The preservation level that the repository intends to provide for the object, based on policy decisions.
The preservation level required by the depositor or other stakeholder for the object.
Rights based on the policies of the holding institution.
Rights based on another basis not listed.
Rights based on statutory law other than copyright.
Abuse occurring between people in a close relationship
Image contrast based on blood flow dynamics
A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 to 120 years of age
Abuse, neglect, or exploitation of older adults
Imaging sensitive to water molecule diffusion
Ability to obtain, process, and understand health information
Rechargeable battery using liquid electrolytes stored in external tanks for scalable capacity
Rechargeable battery using lithium ion intercalation in electrode materials
Rechargeable battery using sodium ion intercalation as a lower-cost alternative to lithium-ion
The resource is not publicly accessible. May include confidential, sensitive, or internal-use-only resources.
The resource is publicly accessible to everyone without restrictions.
The resource is available under certain conditions or to authorized users only. Access may require authentication, payment, or agreement to terms.
A state of matter where particles are closely packed together with fixed positions
A nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container
A compressible fluid that expands to fill its container
An ionized gas with freely moving charged particles
Crystal system with no symmetry constraints (a≠b≠c, α≠β≠γ≠90°)
Crystal system with one twofold axis of symmetry (a≠b≠c, α=γ=90°≠β)
Crystal system with three mutually perpendicular axes (a≠b≠c, α=β=γ=90°)
Crystal system with one fourfold axis (a=b≠c, α=β=γ=90°)
Crystal system with four threefold axes (a=b=c, α=β=γ=90°)
Crystal system with one threefold axis (a=b=c, α=β=γ≠90°)
Biological preparations containing living microorganisms that enhance plant nutrient availability
Left side of a bilaterally symmetric organism
Right side of a bilaterally symmetric organism
divides body into equal left and right halves
Anterior-posterior axis (head-tail axis)
Vertical plane dividing body into anterior and posterior
Above or upper (in standard anatomical position)
Below or lower (in standard anatomical position)
Front/ventral side in most animals, toward the head
front, rostral, cranial (in head region)
Back/dorsal side in most animals, toward the tail
Closer to the point of attachment or origin
Further from the point of attachment or origin
Back side of organism (top in humans when standing)
back (in vertebrates), upper (in humans)
Belly side of organism (front in humans when standing)
belly, front (in vertebrates), lower (in humans)
X medial to y if x is closer to the midsagittal plane than y.
Vertical plane dividing body into left and right
oil drilling, chemicals, radiation shielding
Coenzyme A - acyl group carrier in fatty acid metabolism
Acetyl coenzyme A - central metabolic intermediate, links glycolysis to citric acid cycle
Adenosine triphosphate - primary energy currency molecule in cells
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized) - electron acceptor in catabolism
Guanosine triphosphate - energy molecule, protein synthesis and signaling
Adenosine monophosphate - nucleotide, product of ADP hydrolysis
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites
Alcohol biofuel (C2H5OH) produced by fermentation of sugars or starches, or from cellulosic biomass.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (oxidized) - electron acceptor in oxidation reactions
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) - anabolic reducing agent
Vegetable oil from soybean seeds, used for biodiesel.
Adenosine diphosphate - product of ATP hydrolysis, energy acceptor
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) - electron donor, reducing agent
Guanosine diphosphate - product of GTP hydrolysis
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced) - electron donor in electron transport chain
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized) - electron acceptor
Saccharide/polysaccharide biosynthetic gene clusters
Cellulose, chitin, bacterial capsular polysaccharides
Natural products containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups
Arsenic (As) - semiconductors and alloys
Vanadium (V) - steel alloys and batteries
Tungsten (W) - hard metals and electronics
Chromium (Cr) - stainless steel and alloys
Four-carbon alcohol biofuel with higher energy density than ethanol.
Dimethyl ether produced from biomass, usable as diesel substitute.
Silicon carbide (SiC) wide-bandgap semiconductor for high-power applications
Indium (In) - displays and semiconductors
LCD displays, semiconductors, solar panels
Tellurium (Te) - solar panels and thermoelectrics
Antimony (Sb) - flame retardants and batteries
Ruthenium (Ru) - electronics and catalysts
Bismuth (Bi) - pharmaceuticals and alloys
Strontium (Sr) - magnets and pyrotechnics
Hafnium (Hf) - nuclear and semiconductors
Niobium (Nb) - steel alloys and superconductors
steel alloys, superconductors, capacitors
Tantalum (Ta) - capacitors and superalloys
capacitors, medical implants, superalloys
Rhodium (Rh) - catalysts and electronics
Palladium (Pd) - catalysts and electronics
Technetium-99, a long-lived beta emitter produced in fission reactors
Radioactive rare earth element (atomic number 61) used in nuclear batteries and luminous paint
Light rare earth element (atomic number 62) used in samarium-cobalt magnets and cancer treatment
Heavy rare earth element (atomic number 64) used in MRI contrast agents and nuclear reactor control rods
Heavy rare earth element (atomic number 68) used in fiber optic amplifiers and lasers
Heavy rare earth element (atomic number 69) used in portable X-ray devices and lasers
Heavy rare earth element (atomic number 70) used in metallurgy, lasers, and atomic clocks
Heavy rare earth element (atomic number 71) used in PET scan detectors and cancer treatment
Fuel containing thorium-232 as fertile material
Plutonium isotopes, alpha emitters with long half-lives and high radiotoxicity
Americium-241, an alpha emitter with a half-life of approximately 432 years
Platinum (Pt) - catalysts and electronics
Graphite - battery anodes and refractories
Radioactive noble gas produced by decay of radium-226. Major contributor to natural background radiation and indoor air quality concern.
f-block elements (lanthanides and actinides)
Helium (He) - cryogenics and electronics
Hydrocarbons derived from isoprene units
Fluorspar (CaF2) - steel and aluminum production
Cosmogenic radionuclide used in radiocarbon dating. Produced by cosmic ray interactions in atmosphere.
Highly radioactive alpha emitter in uranium decay series. Found in tobacco smoke.
Heavy rare earth element (atomic number 67) used in lasers and magnetic flux concentrators
Iridium (Ir) - electronics and catalysts
Iodine-129, a long-lived beta and gamma emitter produced in nuclear fission
Large molecules composed of repeating units
Radioactive isotope in the thorium decay series.
Indium phosphide (InP) compound semiconductor for optoelectronics and fiber communications
Microscopic imaging and analysis of nuclear material morphology and microstructure
low-resolution structure, conformational changes
Measurement of alpha particle energies for characterizing alpha-emitting radionuclides
energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy
Measurement of gamma-ray energies emitted by radioactive materials for isotope identification
liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Elemental analysis by irradiating samples with neutrons and measuring induced radioactivity
Forcing molten material into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens
Forcing material through a die to create objects with a fixed cross-sectional profile
Sequence using 180-degree refocusing pulse
Measurement of the distribution of particle sizes in tailing material
sieve analysis, laser diffraction, sedimentation
A confidence level representing a high trust in an evidence.
A confidence level representing a moderate trust in an evidence.
A confidence level representing an absence of trust in an evidence.
A planned process that was successfully completed as intended
A planned process that did not complete successfully
health or medical or biomedical research
Health/medical/biomedical research only - does not include study of population origins or ancestry.
Disease-specific research - use allowed only for research related to specified disease(s). Should be coupled with disease ontology term.
No general methods research - does not allow methods development.
Not-for-profit use only - use limited to not-for-profit organizations and non-commercial use.
Ethics approval required - requestor must provide documentation of local IRB/ERB approval.
General research use - allowed for any research purpose including health/medical/biomedical, fundamental biology, population origins, statistical methods development, and social-sciences research.
Use limited to not-for-profit organizations only.
Non-commercial use only - data can be used by commercial organizations for research but not commercial purposes.
Organism that obtains carbon from organic compounds
Organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances
Organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds
Organism that uses light energy to synthesize organic compounds
Organism that uses light for energy but organic compounds for carbon
Organism that obtains energy from organic compounds
Organism that thrives in nutrient-poor environments
Organism that does not require oxygen for growth
Organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment
Organism that can grow with or without oxygen
Organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
Inferred from Reviewed Computational Analysis
automatically integrated combinatorial evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from computational analysis that has been reviewed by a curator
sequence alignment evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from sequence alignment to an annotated gene product
Inferred from Sequence or structural Similarity
sequence similarity evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from sequence or structural similarity to another annotated gene product
match to sequence model evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from match to a sequence model (e.g., HMM, profile)
sequence orthology evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from orthology to an experimentally characterized gene product
experimental evidence used in manual assertion
General experimental evidence supporting a GO annotation
expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from gene expression pattern data
author statement without traceable support used in manual assertion
Evidence from an author statement that cannot be traced to the experimental source
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion
Evidence from an author statement in a published paper that can be traced to the original source
curator inference used in manual assertion
Evidence inferred by a curator based on existing annotations and biological knowledge
no evidence data found used in manual assertion
Indicates that no biological data is available to support an annotation
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from a direct assay for the presence or activity of a gene product
mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from the phenotype of a mutant allele
genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from genetic interaction between genes
genomic context evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from genomic context such as synteny or gene neighborhood
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from conservation of biological aspect in an ancestral sequence
Inferred from Biological aspect of Descendant
biological aspect of descendant evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from conservation of biological aspect in a descendant sequence
phylogenetic determination of loss of key residues evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from phylogenetic analysis showing loss of key residues
rapid divergence from ancestral sequence evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from rapid divergence from ancestral sequence
physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from physical interaction between gene products
Evidence from automated electronic annotation pipelines without manual curation
Inferred from High Throughput Experiment
high throughput evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from high-throughput experimental methods
Inferred from High Throughput Mutant Phenotype
high throughput mutant phenotypic evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from high-throughput mutant phenotype screening
Inferred from High Throughput Genetic Interaction
high throughput genetic interaction phenotypic evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from high-throughput genetic interaction screening
Inferred from High Throughput Direct Assay
high throughput direct assay evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from high-throughput direct assay experiments
Inferred from High Throughput Expression Pattern
high throughput expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion
Evidence from high-throughput expression profiling
Substances that can cause allergic reactions
Atmospheric conditions and weather-related exposures
Exposure to primary or secondhand tobacco smoke
Airborne pollutants including particulate matter and gaseous contaminants
Organophosphorus compounds used as flame retardants
Phthalic acid esters used as plasticizers
4-hydroxybenzoate esters used as preservatives
Brominated aromatic ethers used as flame retardants
Organic compounds with high vapor pressure
Organobromine compounds used as flame retardants
Materials remaining after separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction of an ore
Partially enclosed coastal body of water
Glaciers - areas covered by permanent ice
Soil or rock that remains at or below freezing for two or more consecutive years
Fissure releasing geothermally heated water
Volcanic geological system with high geothermal gradients suitable for energy extraction
Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater
Water found on the surface of the Earth in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands
A fine-grained sedimentary rock formed from compacted clay or mud, often serving as a seal or source rock
Subsurface formation containing fluid hydrocarbons in porous or fractured rock
Arenosols - sandy soils with weak horizon development
Andosols - soils developed from volcanic ash with unique physical and chemical properties
Cryosols - soils formed under permafrost conditions
Gleysols - soils with permanent or temporary waterlogging
Solonchaks - soils with high salt content
Vertisols - clay-rich soils with shrink-swell properties
Histosols - soils formed from organic materials (peat soils)
An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials from which groundwater can be extracted
Respirable particulate matter with diameter less than 10 micrometers
fine respirable suspended particulate matter
Fine particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 micrometers
ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter
Ultrafine particles with diameter less than 100 nanometers
Exterior enclosure system including walls, roof, windows, and insulation
A dome-shaped intrusion of evaporite minerals formed by upward movement of a salt body through overlying rock
Flood caused by storm surge, high tides, or sea level rise affecting coastal areas.
Flood occurring when river flow exceeds channel capacity, typically developing over hours to days.
Rapid flooding of low-lying areas within 6 hours of heavy rainfall or dam failure. Particularly dangerous due to sudden onset.
Abnormal rise in sea level during a storm, caused by wind pushing water toward shore. Major cause of hurricane-related deaths.
Wildfire occurring primarily in forested areas, producing dense smoke plumes that can travel long distances.
Crystalline ice-like structures containing methane trapped in water molecule cages, found in ocean sediments and permafrost regions
Severe snowstorm with sustained winds >= 35 mph and reduced visibility for 3+ hours. Creates dangerous travel conditions and cold exposure risk.
hypothermia, injuries, carbon monoxide poisoning
Underground water located in pore spaces of rock or unconsolidated deposits
Radiation during which waves of the electromagnetic field propagate through space
Mechanical waves generated by oscillations that radiate through environmental material
Metallic materials with metallic bonding
Water that accumulates on surfaces during precipitation events and snow or ice melt
Thunderstorm producing hail >= 1 inch, wind gusts >= 58 mph, or a tornado. Source of lightning, flash flooding, and wind damage.
lightning injuries, wind injuries, flash flooding
Atmospheric storm originating over tropical waters with organized circulation and sustained winds 39-73 mph. Precursor to hurricanes.
injuries, drowning, displacement, mental health
Open inland water - areas covered by permanent water bodies
Violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. Characterized by extreme winds and path of destruction.
traumatic injuries, death, mental health
Acoustic radiation at frequencies below the range of human hearing
Infrared radiation emitted from a planet and atmosphere to space as thermal radiation
Radiant energy in visible, near-ultraviolet, or near-infrared spectra
Radiant energy in the 400-700 nm wave band usable by organisms for photosynthesis
Ridge of rock or coral near water surface
Residual materials from combustion of coal in power plants, including fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slag
Fine powdery material composed mostly of silica collected from flue gases during coal combustion
Glassy material formed as a byproduct of smelting and refining metal ores
Acoustic radiation at frequencies above 20 kHz
Infrared radiation with frequencies 30-120 THz, wavelengths 2.5-10 micrometers
Infrared radiation with frequencies 120-400 THz, wavelengths 750 nm to 2.5 micrometers
Infrared radiation with frequencies 300 GHz to 30 THz, wavelengths 10 micrometers to 1 mm
Polymer that irreversibly hardens when cured
Extended period of deficient precipitation resulting in water shortage. Affects water quality, food security, and mental health.
water quality, food insecurity, mental health
Electromagnetic radiation that travels line-of-sight and may produce molecular rotation on contact
Electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths ranging from millimetre to kilometer scales
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by molecular rotational-vibrational movements, wavelengths 760 nm to 1 mm
Electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths between 380 nm and 760 nm
Electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths between 10 nm and 400 nm
Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted by high-energy electrons falling to lower energy states
Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted from radioactive decay of atomic nuclei
Electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to disrupt molecular bonds or alter electron numbers
Agent of biological origin (e.g., bacteria, viruses, allergens)
Agent of chemical origin (e.g., toxins, pollutants)
Disruption to ecological systems (e.g., habitat degradation, climate change)
Physical source of energy that may cause injury (e.g., radiation, noise, temperature extremes)
Agent that interferes with psychological development or social interaction
Transport path allowing stressor to interact with recipient via air
Mechanical agent applied to biological systems (e.g., repetitive motion, physical strain)
Transport path involving interaction with stressor via water
Transport path involving interaction with stressor via soil
Human-made surroundings including buildings and infrastructure
Exposure occurring at irregular intervals or periodically
Exposure through absorption (dermal or other surface)
Person who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their life but is not currently smoking
Person who has smoked less than 100 cigarettes in their life
Control group participants without the disease or phenotype of interest
Exposure through contact with stressors in the ambient surroundings
Exposure through ambient aquatic environment
Exposure through ambient terrestrial environment
passive inhalation of the ambient environment route
Passive inhalation of ambient environment stressors
Purposeful breathing or inhaling of stressor
Exposure through the gastrointestinal tract
Biologically produced ingredients for food and beverage applications
Only one allele present (e.g., X-linked in males)
Two different heterozygous variants in same gene
Start checkpoint, Restriction point, R point
The activities that occur at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding
cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity
cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity
The locations relative to cellular structures in which a gene product performs a function
nuclear envelope breakdown, kinetochore attachment
leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis
The larger processes accomplished by multiple molecular activities
cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling
mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling
Protein-protein or protein-nucleic acid complex
positive regulation of apoptotic process
Cellular organelle (mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.)
chromatin condensation, spindle formation begins
Interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases combined)
obsolete positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity involved in regulation of mitotic cell cycle transition
Senescent cells (permanently non-dividing)
Gene Ontology annotation based on InterPro classification
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB keywords
Gene Ontology annotation based on Reactome pathways
Gene Ontology annotation based on HAMAP family rules
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB Subcellular Location vocabulary
Gene Ontology annotation by Zebrafish Information Network
Gene Ontology annotation based on PANTHER phylogenetic trees
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniPathway vocabulary
Gene Ontology annotation by Mouse Genome Informatics
Gene Ontology annotation by Saccharomyces Genome Database
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniRule rules
Gene Ontology annotation based on Ensembl Compara orthology
Gene Ontology annotation based on MetaCyc pathways
Gene Ontology annotation based on Rfam classification
Gene Ontology annotation based on Rhea mapping
Having separate male and female flowers on the same plant
Having both female and hermaphroditic flowers on the same plant
Having both male and hermaphroditic flowers on the same plant
Having male and female flowers on separate plants
Having female and hermaphroditic plants in the same population
A sexual system in which males and hermaphrodites coexist in a population
Having males, females, and hermaphrodites in the same population
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes.
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles.
A mode of inheritance that is observed for recessive traits related to a gene encoded on the X chromosome.
A mode of inheritance that is observed for dominant traits related to a gene encoded on the X chromosome.
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on the mitochondrial genome. Maternally inherited.
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on the Y chromosome.
A mode of inheritance that depends on a mixture of major and minor genetic determinants possibly together with environmental factors.
A type of multifactorial inheritance governed by the simultaneous action of a few gene loci (typically three).
A type of multifactorial inheritance governed by the simultaneous action of two gene loci.
A mode of inheritance for traits that can manifest in both monoallelic and biallelic states, with similar or differing phenotype severity.
A type of pseudoautosomal inheritance that is dominant.
A type of pseudoautosomal inheritance that is recessive.
A mode of inheritance of diseases whose pathophysiology can be traced back to deleterious variants in a single gene.
Prenatal stage that starts with fertilization and ends with a fully formed embryo, before undergoing last development during the fetal stage. Up to 8 weeks post-fertilization.
Embryonic stage defined by a fertilized oocyte and presence of pronuclei. Starts at day 1 post-fertilization.
Embryonic stage during which cell division occurs with reduction in cytoplasmic volume, and formation of inner and outer cell mass. 2-8 cells. Usually starts between day 2-3 post-fertilization.
Blastula stage with the loss of the zona pellucida and the definition of a free blastocyst. Usually starts between day 4-5 post-fertilization.
Embryonic stage defined by a complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage.
Embryonic stage defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This stage starts the emergence of the central nervous system.
Embryonic stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism.
Prenatal stage that starts with the fully formed embryo and ends at birth. Generally from 8 weeks post-fertilization until birth.
Prenatal stage that starts with fertilization and ends at birth. Encompasses both embryonic and fetal stages.
The later part of Carnegie stage 02 when the cells have coalesced into a mass but the blastocystic cavity has not formed.
Late adult stage that refers to an individual who is over 60 and starts to have some age-related impairments. Often subdivided into young-old (60-79) and old-old (80+).
Human developmental stage that refers to a sexually mature human. Starts at approximately 15 years according to HPO definitions.
Immature stage that refers to an infant who is over 28 days and is under 12 months old.
Immature stage that refers to a human newborn within the first 28 days of life.
Human stage that refers to a child who is over 12 months and under 5 years old. Often divided into early toddler (1-2 years) and late toddler (2-3 years).
A young adult stage that refers to an individual who is over 15 and under 20 years old. Period of transition from childhood to adulthood.
Pediatric stage that refers to a human who is over 5 and under 15 years old. Covers elementary and middle school ages.
Human developmental stage that covers the whole of human life post birth.
introduction to a publication about an investigation
discussion section of a publication about an investigation
Feeling of excitement about something that will happen
Feeling of confidence in someone or something
Organism that requires oxygen at lower concentrations than atmospheric
Sequences assembled from DNA of mixed community.
Sequences assembled from DNA of single cell.
Sequences assembled from DNA of mixed community and binned. MAGs are likely to represent a single taxonomic origin. See checkm2 scores for quality assessment.
Sequences assembled from uncultivated virus genome (DNA/RNA).
Using antibody to capture bait and its ligands
Chemical cross-linking of interacting proteins
FRET for detecting proximity between molecules
Acetyltransferase-substrate relationship
Methyltransferase-substrate relationship
Coincident occurrence in subcellular location
Direct physical contact between molecules
Molecule used to capture interacting partners
TAP tagging for protein complex purification
Molecules within the same physical complex
Functional modulation without direct contact
A procedure or technique by which the size of the three dimensional space occupied by a liquid substance is ascertained using a pipette
iron-sulfur cluster containing modification
zinc finger, iron-sulfur cluster binding
ubiquitination signature tetrapeptidyl lysine
Removal of atoms/groups forming double bond
Reference standard used as external reference point
Known amount of standard added to analytical sample
Stable reference for cross-batch comparisons
Control providing baseline/no signal reference
metabolite quantitation using high performance liquid chromatography
Assay targeting specific known metabolites
Assay profiling all detectable metabolites
Addition of silyl groups for improved volatility
Microplate with 96 wells arranged in 8 rows of 12 columns with 9mm well-to-well spacing
A microplate whose surface has been treated, for instance by covalently attaching proteins to favor cell growth
A microplate whose surface has not received any treatment and is uniquely made of polymer
Thermo Fisher Scientific instrument model
mzML format - PSI standard for mass spectrometry data
Embryonic blastula stage defined by a zona free blastocyst (zona pellucida absent). Embryonic age 4 dpc.
Embryonic stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage.
Embryonic stage called presomite stage and defined by the formation of the neural plate. This stage starts the emergence of the central nervous system at embryonic age 7.5 dpc.
Embryonic day 9.5 - organogenesis stage with visible hind limb buds. Between Theiler stages 15 and 16.
Embryonic day 14.5 - late organogenesis with clearly visible fingers and long bones of the limbs present.
Stage that refers to the newborn mouse, aged E19-20, P0. Used for postnatal days 0 through 3.
Middle aged stage for mice over 10 and under 18 months old. Shows progressive age-related changes.
Weaning stage at approximately 21-22 days old. Transition from nursing to independent feeding.
Prime adult stage at 6 weeks (42 days) old. Commonly considered the milestone for sexual maturity.
Adult stage at 8 weeks (56 days) old. Fully mature adult mouse.
Aspergillus nidulans (filamentous fungus)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast)
Plasmodium falciparum (malaria parasite)
Square planar coordination geometry (4 ligands in plane)
Tetrahedral coordination geometry (4 ligands, 109.5° angles)
Octahedral coordination geometry (6 ligands)
Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases
Short hairpin RNA for stable gene silencing
Arterial Spin Labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Perfusion imaging using magnetically labeled blood
Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Analysis of temporal correlations between brain regions
High Field Strength Magnetic Resonance Imaging
High-resolution anatomical imaging with T1 contrast
anatomical reference, volumetric analysis
Low Field Strength Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Perfusion imaging with pharmacokinetic modeling
Dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion
Secretin-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Perfusion imaging using contrast agent bolus
UV-Vis spectrophotometry measuring absorbance across UV and visible ranges
Magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo
Magnetization-Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo MRI
T1-weighted 3D sequence with preparation pulse
A crude nuclear weapon constructed from diverted or stolen fissile material
A device that disperses radioactive material using conventional explosives or other means
High-resolution venography and iron detection
Information of an expected format was not given, a value may be given at the later stage
Using NCIT:C126101 (Not Available) as a general term for data not provided
Any of the individual wells on a microwell plate
Transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs between animals of different species
Indolent glial tumors including pilocytic astrocytoma and pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas (MYB/MYBL1-altered, MAPK pathway-altered).
Localized tumor not involving vital structures as defined by the list of image-defined risk factors and confined to one body compartment (neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis).
Locoregional tumor with presence of one or more image-defined risk factors. The tumor has not spread far from where it started but has at least one IDRF.
Distant metastatic disease (except as defined for MS). The tumor has spread (metastasized) to distant parts of the body.
Metastatic disease in children younger than 18 months with metastases confined to skin, liver, and/or bone marrow (bone marrow involvement limited to <10% tumor cells). This stage has a favorable prognosis despite metastatic disease.
Information of an expected format was not given because it has never been collected
NCIT:C142610 represents Missing Data which encompasses data not collected
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue preservation
Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viral genome
Single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate (retroviruses)
Double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate through a single-stranded RNA intermediate (pararetroviruses)
Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viral genome
A vaccine created by covalently attaching an antigen to a carrier protein
High risk neuroblastoma with poor prognosis. Requires intensive multimodal therapy including high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue, surgery, radiation, and immunotherapy.
Tissue obtained during surgical resection
A subjective score of 1 - Not at all confident.
A subjective score of 2 - Slightly confident.
A subjective score of 3 - Somewhat confident.
A subjective score of 4 - Moderately confident.
A subjective score of 5 - Very confident.
Sample obtained by fine needle aspiration
Fast imaging sequence using gradient reversal
susceptible to magnetic field inhomogeneity
Efficacy comparison with standard treatment
Image contrast sensitive to magnetic susceptibility
Strength of the magnetic field used to confine the plasma
Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatric Research
Materials designed to interact with biological systems
A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa
Radioactive iodine isotope from nuclear fission. Concentrates in thyroid gland. Used medically and released in nuclear accidents.
Specimen preserved by freezing with cryoprotectant
Antisense oligonucleotides for gene silencing
Image contrast based on hydrogen density
Active or passive tobacco smoke exposure
Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods
A vaccine based on mRNA that encodes the antigen of interest
Cre-lox recombination system for conditional gene modification
A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race
Task Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
fMRI during specific cognitive or motor tasks
Current employment situation and stability
Functional MRI based on blood oxygenation changes
Image contrast based on T1 relaxation times
Image contrast based on T2 relaxation times
CSF bright, gray matter brighter than white
Simulation of atomic and molecular motion by numerically integrating equations of motion
Transcripts per million - normalized for gene length and sequencing depth
(reads/gene_length_kb) / sum(reads/gene_length_kb) * 1e6
A status indicating that an individual has received all the required vaccinations
A status indicating that an individual has received some of the required vaccinations
A status indicating that an individual has not received any of the required vaccinations
Workflow for rapid parallel evaluation of many samples or conditions
True fast imaging with steady-state precession
Constructive Interference In Steady State
Balanced steady-state free precession sequence
RNA interference for post-transcriptional gene silencing
Finding has direct therapeutic implications
Study has not started recruiting participants
Enrolling participants by invitation only
Study ongoing but not recruiting new participants
Small interfering RNA for transient gene silencing
Linear accelerator (linac) that accelerates particles along a straight path
Cobalt-60, a gamma emitter with a half-life of approximately 5 years
A status indicating that an individual has received a vaccination
Malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm. Cancer arising from glandular epithelium.
Burkitt lymphoma and Burkitt-like lymphoma.
Malignant cells confined to epithelium without invasion through basement membrane. Pre-invasive cancer.
Malignant neoplasm arising from squamous epithelium. Common in skin, lung, esophagus, and cervix.
Malignant neoplasm arising from transitional epithelium (urothelium). Most common in bladder and urinary tract.
Benign epithelial tumors arising from remnants of Rathke pouch, including adamantinomatous and papillary subtypes.
A preparation of killed microorganisms intended to prevent infectious disease
Transuranic element produced in nuclear reactors. Highly toxic alpha emitter with very long half-life.
Tumors of endocrine glands and neuroendocrine cells, including thyroid carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and paraganglioma.
Fibrosarcoma, NOS; infantile fibrosarcoma; dermatofibrosarcoma; and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
Pharmaceutical products derived from biological sources or manufactured using biotechnology
recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines
Hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and other hepatic carcinomas.
Malignant tumor arising from smooth muscle.
Chronic leukemia of mature B lymphocytes.
Chronic leukemia characterized by BCR-ABL1 fusion gene.
Malignant tumor arising from adipose tissue.
Embryonal tumor of the cerebellum, classified by molecular subgroups (WNT-activated, SHH-activated, Group 3, Group 4) per WHO CNS5.
Malignant tumor arising from mesothelial cells lining pleura, peritoneum, or pericardium. Strongly associated with asbestos exposure.
Myelodysplastic syndrome, NOS; refractory anemia; refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts; refractory anemia with excess blasts.
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), clear cell sarcoma of kidney, rhabdoid tumor of kidney, and other nonepithelial renal tumors.
Other peripheral nerve tumors including ganglioneuroma and peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of skin, and other skin carcinomas.
Neoplasms arising from the choroid plexus epithelium, including papilloma, atypical papilloma, and carcinoma.
Psychological stress affecting health and wellbeing
Non-cancerous neoplasm that does not invade surrounding tissue or metastasize.
Highly aggressive tumors characterized by SMARCB1 loss, occurring outside the CNS (extracranial rhabdoid tumor). Includes malignant rhabdoid tumor of kidney.
Intraventricular Route of Administration
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and related carcinomas.
Highly malignant neuroendocrine carcinoma with small cells. Most common in lung.
A vaccine using DNA to produce protein that promotes immune responses
Transplantation of tissue from one body location to another within the same individual
skin graft, autologous stem cell transplant
Transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs between genetically identical individuals (e.g., identical twins, inbred strains)
Concentration of extracted analyte in specimen
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands
A person not of Hispanic or Latino origin
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent
Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippine Islands, Thailand, Vietnam
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa
A flat dish with multiple individual wells that are arrayed in a standardized number, size, and arrangement
Chronic myeloid leukemia, NOS; juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia; and other chronic myeloproliferative diseases.
Tumors with neuronal differentiation including ganglioglioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET), and central neurocytoma.
Aggressive glial tumors including pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas (H3 K27-altered, H3 G34-mutant, and H3/IDH-wildtype), as well as glioblastoma.
Device that changes voltage levels between transmission and distribution systems
Sarcomas arising primarily in the central nervous system, including Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma of CNS.
Device Evaluation Anticipated But Not Yet Begun
Not stated explicitly or implied by any other means
Exploratory trials before traditional Phase 1
Pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, and other astrocytic tumors.
Materials made from two or more constituent materials
Materials with at least one dimension in nanoscale (1-100 nm)
Qubit using semiconductor quantum dot nanostructures
Advanced diffusion imaging with directional information
Person identifies with more than one race category
Added after 1997 revision to allow multiple race reporting
Information exists but cannot be released openly because of privacy concerns
NCIT:C67110 represents Data Not Releasable due to confidentiality
Information has not been revealed by another party
NCIT:C67329 represents Source Data Not Available
Removing radioactive contamination from surfaces, equipment, and structures
Highly malignant embryonal CNS tumor characterized by loss of SMARCB1 (INI1) or SMARCA4 expression. Predominantly occurs in young children.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, and medullary thyroid carcinoma.
T2-weighted sequence with CSF signal suppressed
lesion detection, periventricular pathology
Localized tumor with complete gross excision, with or without microscopic residual disease; representative ipsilateral lymph nodes negative for tumor microscopically.
Localized tumor with incomplete gross excision; representative ipsilateral nonadherent lymph nodes negative for tumor microscopically.
Localized tumor with or without complete gross excision, with ipsilateral nonadherent lymph nodes positive for tumor. Enlarged contralateral lymph nodes must be negative microscopically.
Unresectable unilateral tumor infiltrating across the midline, with or without regional lymph node involvement; or localized unilateral tumor with contralateral regional lymph node involvement; or midline tumor with bilateral extension by infiltration (unresectable) or by lymph node involvement.
Any primary tumor with dissemination to distant lymph nodes, bone, bone marrow, liver, skin, and/or other organs (except as defined for stage 4S).
Localized primary tumor (as defined for stage 1, 2A, or 2B) with dissemination limited to skin, liver, and/or bone marrow (limited to infants <1 year of age). Marrow involvement should be minimal (<10% of total nucleated cells).
Most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Extracranial germ cell tumors not involving the gonads including sacrococcygeal, retroperitoneal, and mediastinal germ cell tumors.
Solid tumors not classified elsewhere, including hepatoblastoma, pleuropulmonary blastoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, melanoma, and carcinomas.
Disorders characterized by abnormal lymphocyte proliferation, including post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).
Renal cell carcinoma and other renal carcinomas.
Circular accelerator using constant magnetic field and alternating electric field
Definitive certainty level - the highest degree of certainty.
High certainty level - strong confidence but not absolute.
Intermediate certainty level - moderate degree of certainty.
Activity that derives a new specimen from an existing one
A device in which environmental conditions (light, photoperiod, temperature, humidity, etc.) can be controlled
A chromatography column which is suitable for putting it into a centrifuge
Activity that collects an initial sample directly from a subject or source
Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing
Bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation
A measurement device that detects biological, chemical or physical events of samples in microtiter plates
A microplate reader that is used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)
An incubating device that provides shaking motion for biomedical applications (e.g., cell cultures)
A microplate reader that can detect multiple types of absorbance, luminescence or fluorescence
A liquid handling device that provides automatic liquid extraction
A type of centrifuge that is designed for small tubes (0.2 ml to 2.0 ml), has a compact design, and has a small footprint
A device that is used to wash immunoassays in microwell strips and plates with professional accuracy
A microplate washer that is used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)
A pipetting system that has a plurality of tip fittings and is used for multi-well plate applications
Traditional homologous recombination-based knockout
Transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis
Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing
High-throughput chromosome conformation capture
A device with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force to its contents
Allows light to pass through with minimal scattering
The ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it
The fraction of void space in a rock or sediment relative to its total volume
Returns to original shape after stress removal
Undergoes permanent deformation under stress
Breaks without significant plastic deformation
Crystal system with one sixfold axis (a=b≠c, α=β=90°, γ=120°)
Starting as female and changing to male at a later stage
Starting as male and changing to female at a later stage
Polymer that becomes moldable above specific temperature
Growing plants in air and/or mist environment without soil or aggregate medium
Growth in regions with temperate climate, characterized by roughly equal winters and summers
Growth during the rabi crop season (October-March) as practiced in South Asia
Growth during the kharif crop season (May-October) as practiced in South Asia
Growing plants in soil growth media with varying contents
Growth in the geographical region between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
Growth at a given elevation or height above sea level
Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions
Plants were grown under in vitro growth conditions in a laboratory
Plants were grown outdoors under field conditions
In vitro culture using solid or liquid substrate with nutrients and amendments
Plants were grown in growth chambers under controlled light and temperature conditions
Growth in leveled land with water control and shallow flooding
Growth in slightly steep regions with noncontinuous flooding and alternating aerobic/anaerobic soil
Growth in steep regions that are rarely flooded with aerobic soil
Growth in biome characterized by low moisture and infrequent precipitation
Growth in conditions susceptible to inundation by water
Growth in regions adjacent to the tropics (roughly 25-40 degrees latitude)
Growth in regions with 25-50cm (10-20 inches) annual rainfall
Stage of fruit formation through ripening
Stage when plant or plant embryo reaches full development
Stage of aging with loss of function and organ deterioration
Stage beginning with seed imbibition and ending with radicle emergence
Stage from reproductive structure initiation to senescence onset
Stage from germination until development of first adult vascular leaf
Stage of suspended physiological activity and growth
Stage of growth before reproductive structure formation
Stage when flowers open with pollen release and/or receptive stigma
Stage from zygote first division to seed germination initiation
A parasite that kills or sterilizes its host
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite that cannot complete its life cycle without a host.
A sub-relations of parasite-of in which the parasite that can complete its life cycle independent of a host.
A parasite-of relationship in which the host is a plant and the parasite that attaches to the host stem.
A parasite-of relationship in which the host is a plant and the parasite that attaches to the host root.
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite is a plant, and the parasite is parasitic under natural conditions and is also photosynthetic to some degree.
An interaction relationship involving a predation process, where the subject kills the target in order to eat it or to feed to siblings, offspring or group members.
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which one benefits and the other is unaffected.
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other.
participates in a abiotic-biotic interaction with
A biotic interaction relationship in which one partner is an organism and the other partner is inorganic. For example, the relationship between a sponge and the substrate to which is it anchored.
An interaction where an organism transfers pollen to a plant
Organism acts as a vector for transmitting another organism
A biotic interaction where a material entity provides nutrition for an organism.
A biotic interaction where one organism consumes a material entity through a type of mouth or other oral opening.
x is a hyperparasite of y iff x is a parasite of a parasite of the target organism y
A relationship between organisms where one organism is influenced by the biochemicals produced by another. Allelopathy is a phenomenon in which one organism releases chemicals to positively or negatively influence the growth, survival or reproduction of other organisms in its vicinity.
A host interaction where the smaller of the two members of a symbiosis causes a disease in the larger member.
An interaction where an organism visits the flowers of a plant
An interaction where an organism deposits eggs inside another organism
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite lives on or in the integumental system of the host.
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite is partially an endoparasite and partially an ectoparasite.
A sub-relation of endoparasite-of in which the parasite inhabits the spaces between host cells.
A sub-relation of endoparasite-of in which the parasite inhabits host cells.
A relation between a host organism and a hosted organism in which the hosted organism naturally occurs in an indefinitely maintained reservoir provided by the host.
An interaction relationship wherein a plant or algae is living on the outside surface of another plant.
A sub-relation of parasite of in which a parasite steals resources from another organism, usually food or nest material.
An interaction relationship wherein one organism creates a structure or environment that is lived in by another organism.
An interaction relationship describing organisms that often occur together at the same time and space or in the same environment.
An interaction relationship in which organism a lays eggs on the outside surface of organism b. Organism b is neither helped nor harmed in the process of egg laying or incubation.
A trophic interaction in which one organism acquires nutrients through a symbiotic relationship with another organism.
A symbiotrophic interaction in which one organism acquires nutrients through a parasitic relationship with another organism.
1,4-addition to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl
A pseudogene arising from reverse transcription of mRNA
A DNA segment that can change its position within the genome
A sequence that causes transcription termination
The sequence of DNA located either at the end of the transcript that causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription
A region of the transcript sequence within a gene which is not removed from the primary RNA transcript by RNA splicing
A contiguous sequence derived from sequence assembly
A piece of DNA that has been inserted into a vector
A self-replicating circular DNA molecule
The removal of a sequences of nucleotides from the genome
A cis-acting sequence that increases transcription
A regulatory region initiating transcription
A group of contiguous genes transcribed as a single unit
A transcript that has not been processed
A region of a primary transcript that is transcribed, but removed from within the transcript by splicing
Messenger RNA; includes 5'UTR, coding sequences and 3'UTR
A repeat where the sequence is repeated in the opposite orientation
The origin of replication; starting site for duplication of a nucleic acid molecule
Displacement loop; a region where DNA is displaced by an invading strand
A double-helical region formed by base-pairing between adjacent sequences
Coding sequence; sequence of nucleotides that corresponds with the sequence of amino acids in a protein
Structural unit composed of DNA and proteins
A peptide region that targets a polypeptide to a specific location
The polypeptide sequence that remains after post-translational processing
The recognition sequence for the cleavage and polyadenylation machinery
A region where chromatids are held together
The terminal region of a linear chromosome
A regulatory region which upon binding of transcription factors, suppresses transcription
A repeat that is interspersed in the genome
The sequence of one or more nucleotides added between two adjacent nucleotides
A region (or regions) that includes all of the sequence elements necessary to encode a functional transcript
A repeat where the same sequence is repeated in the same orientation
A peptide that directs the transport of a protein to an organelle
A nucleotide region with the ability to move from one place in the genome to another
A peptide region that is cleaved during maturation
A sequence alteration where one nucleotide replaced by another
One or more nucleotides are added between two adjacent nucleotides
A continuous nucleotide sequence is inverted in the same position
Abnormal, unexpected behavior or pattern
Alternating blocks of task and rest conditions
Fragments per kilobase of transcript per million reads mapped
Reads per kilobase of transcript per million reads mapped
Stochastic simulation method using random sampling to explore configuration space
Phylum (animals, plants, fungi) or Division (plants)
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
A vaccine made from microbes that have been weakened in the laboratory
An organismal quality that indicates an organism is unvaccinated with any vaccine
Data is updated continuously or in real-time.
Quadruple bond (rare, in transition metals)
Review article synthesizing existing research
Energy deposited per unit mass by ionizing radiation
Number of nuclear disintegrations per unit time
Amount of substance per unit volume (molarity)
The number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, etc.)
The figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint
A 2-D extent representing the size of a surface
Amount of data transferred per unit time
Absorbed dose weighted by radiation type
Fundamental property of matter causing electromagnetic interaction
Potential energy per unit charge (voltage)
Number of repetitive events per unit time
Heat required to raise temperature by one unit
Property relating magnetic flux to electric current
Measure of information content or uncertainty
A 1-D extent quality representing distance between two points
Luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a point light source
Measure of total magnetic field passing through a surface
Rate of doing work or transferring energy
Rate of change of position with direction
A 3-D extent representing the amount of space occupied
Housing that does not meet basic standards for safety and habitability
Challenges with housing including trouble paying rent or frequent moves
Relationship established through adoption
Blood type O, Rh negative (universal donor)
Blood type AB, Rh positive (universal recipient)
The condition of lacking stable, safe, and adequate housing
Suitable for well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adults
Suitable for agents that pose moderate hazards to personnel and the environment
Suitable for indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease through inhalation
Suitable for dangerous and exotic agents that pose high risk of life-threatening disease
Genetic relationship through biological inheritance
Siblings sharing both biological parents
Transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs between genetically different individuals of the same species
A programmable mechanical arm used in laboratory automation
Island shared by Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
Other Race (discouraged for statistical analysis)
Family history information was not requested
Information could not be obtained due to patient/family constraints
The content of the data is represented in the resource narrative.
The source was asked but declined to answer.
The source was asked but does not know the value.
The information is not available due to security, privacy or related reasons.
The numeric value is excessively low and unrepresentable due to a floating point processing error.
The numeric value is undefined or unrepresentable due to a floating point processing error.
There is no proper value for this element (e.g. last menstrual period for a male).
The workflow didn't lead to this value being known.
The value is not available because the observation procedure (test, etc.) was not performed.
The value is not permitted in this context (e.g. due to profiles, or the base data types).
The numeric value is excessively high and unrepresentable due to a floating point processing error.
There is reason to expect (from the workflow) that the value may become known.
The source system wasn't capable of supporting this element.
Marriage contract has been declared null and to not have existed
Marriage recognized in some jurisdictions based on parties' agreement
Marriage contract has been declared dissolved and inactive
No marriage contract has ever been entered
Person declares that a domestic partner relationship exists
A proper value is applicable, but not known
All relevant family history information has been obtained
Some family history information is available but not complete
Patients who are doubling up with others
Patients who are living in a homeless shelter
Patients who have other kinds of accommodation
Patients who are living in a permanent supportive housing
Patients who do not have a house and are living on the streets
Patients who do not have a house and are in a transitional state
Associate's or technical degree complete
College or baccalaureate degree complete
Graduate or professional Degree complete
High School or secondary school degree complete
The player of the role (father) is a male who has taken the scoper (child) into their family through legal means and raises them as his own child
The player of the role (mother) is a female who has taken the scoper (child) into their family through legal means and raises them as her own child
The player of the role (parent) has taken the scoper (child) into their family through legal means and raises them as his or her own child
The player of the role is a sister of the scoping person's mother or father
The player of the role is a male sharing one or both parents with the scoping entity
The player of the role is a brother of the scoping person's spouse, or the husband of the scoping person's sister, or the husband of a sister of the scoping person's spouse
The player of the role is a child of the scoping entity
The player of the role is a child taken into a family through legal means and raised by the scoping person (parent) as his or her own child
The player of the role is a child receiving parental care and nurture from the scoping person (parent) but not related to him or her through legal or blood relationship
The player of the role is a relative descended from a common ancestor, such as a grandparent, by two or more steps in a diverging line
The player of the role is a female offspring of the scoping entity (parent)
The player of the role is the wife of scoping person's son
The player of the role cohabits with the scoping person but is not the scoping person's spouse
Description of an extended family member
A relationship between two people characterizing their "familial" relationship
The player of the role is a male who begets or raises or nurtures the scoping entity (child)
The player of the role is the father of the scoping person's spouse
The player of the role is born from the same pregnancy as the scoping entity but does not share the same genotype
The player is a female whose womb carries the fetus of the scoper
The player of the role is a grandfather of the scoping person's mother or father
The player of the role is a grandmother of the scoping person's mother or father
The player of the role is a grandparent of the scoping person's mother or father
The player of the role is the father of the scoping person's mother or father
The player of the role is the mother of the scoping person's mother or father
The player of the role is a child of the scoping person's son or daughter
The player of the role is a daughter of the scoping person's son or daughter
The player of the role is a son of the scoping person's son or daughter
The player of the role is a parent of the scoping person's mother or father
The player of the role is a male related to the scoping entity by sharing only one biological parent
The player of the role is a female related to the scoping entity by sharing only one biological parent
The player of the role is a man joined to a woman (scoping person) in marriage
The player of the role is born from the same pregnancy as the scoping entity and shares the same genotype
The player of the role is a sister of the scoping person's mother
The player of the role is a child of a maternal aunt or uncle of the scoping person
The player of the role is the father of the scoping person's mother
The player of the role is the mother of the scoping person's mother
The player of the role is a female who conceives, gives birth to, or raises and nurtures the scoping entity (child)
The player of the role is the mother of the scoping person's spouse
The player of the role is a brother of the scoping person's mother
The player of the role is a male related to the scoping entity by sharing only the same natural parents
The player of the role is an offspring of the scoping entity as determined by birth
The player of the role is a son of the scoping person's brother or sister or of the brother or sister of the scoping person's spouse
The player of the role is a male who begets the scoping entity (child)
The player of the role is a daughter of the scoping person's brother or sister or of the brother or sister of the scoping person's spouse
The player of the role is a female who conceives or gives birth to the scoping entity (child)
The player of the role is a female related to the scoping entity by sharing only the same natural parents
The player of the role is a sister of the scoping person's father
The player of the role is a child of a paternal aunt or uncle of the scoping person
The player of the role is the father of the scoping person's father
The player of the role is the mother of the scoping person's father
The player of the role is one who begets, gives birth to, or nurtures and raises the scoping entity (child)
The player of the role (parent) who is a state-certified caregiver responsible for the scoper (child)
The player of the role is a brother of the scoping person's father
The player of the role shares one or both parents in common with the scoping entity
A person who is important to one's well being; especially a spouse or one in a similar relationship
The player of the role is a female sharing one or both parents with the scoping entity
The player of the role is a sister of the scoping person's spouse, or the wife of the scoping person's brother, or the wife of a brother of the scoping person's spouse
The player of the role is a male offspring of the scoping entity (parent)
The player of the role is the husband of scoping person's daughter
The player of the role is a marriage partner of the scoping person
The player of the role is a male child of the scoping person's stepparent
The player of the role is a child of the scoping person's spouse by a previous union
The player of the role is the male spouse of the scoping person's parent and not the scoping person's natural father
The player of the role is the female spouse of the scoping person's parent and not the scoping person's natural mother
The player of the role is the spouse of the scoping person's parent and not the scoping person's natural parent
The player of the role is a female child of the scoping person's stepparent
The scoper and player were carried in the same womb and delivered in the same birth
The player of the role is a male born from the same pregnancy as the scoping entity
The player of the role is a female born from the same pregnancy as the scoping entity
The player of the role is a brother of the scoping person's mother or father
The player of the role is a woman joined to a man (scoping person) in marriage
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived model
A method of using the researcher's mouth to apply small negative pressure to aspirate a volume into a pipette
The dataset is complete and no further updates are planned. The data is in its final form.
The dataset has been superseded by a newer version or is no longer recommended for use.
The dataset is still being created, collected, or processed. Not yet ready for production use.
The dataset has been removed from availability, either temporarily or permanently.
Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium
Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium. Develops global data standards for clinical research including CDASH, SDTM, and ADaM.
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. May include sound.
Funding or support provided to an individual or organization for research, academic work, or professional development.
A medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages bound together.
Indicates that A includes B in a citation.
An aggregation of resources, which may encompass collections of one resource type as well as those of mixed types.
Indicates that B is the result of a compile or creation event using A.
A virtual notebook environment used for literate programming, combining code, documentation, and visualizations.
Jupyter notebook, R Markdown, Observable
Article written with the goal of being accepted to a conference.
Collection of academic papers published in the context of an academic conference.
Person with knowledge of how to access, troubleshoot, or otherwise field issues related to the resource.
Indicates that A is a continuation of the work B.
Person or institution responsible for finding, gathering, or collecting data under the guidelines of the author(s) or Principal Investigator (PI).
Person tasked with reviewing, enhancing, cleaning, or standardizing metadata and the associated data submitted for storage, use, and maintenance within a repository.
Person or organization responsible for maintaining the finished resource, including data quality, access permissions, and long-term availability.
A scholarly publication describing a dataset, intended to facilitate its discovery, interpretation, and reuse.
Data encoded in a defined structure. May include tables, databases, or other structured data.
A written essay, treatise, or thesis, especially one written by a candidate for a doctoral degree.
Institution tasked with responsibility to generate or disseminate copies of the resource in either electronic or print form.
Indicates that A is documentation about/explaining B.
A person who oversees the details related to the publication format of the resource.
A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. May be planned or unplanned.
Indicates that resource A has additional metadata B.
Typically, the organization allowing the resource to be available on the internet through the provision of its hardware, software, or operating support.
A visual representation other than text, including photographs, diagrams, illustrations, and other static visual works.
A device, tool, or apparatus used to obtain, measure, and/or analyze data.
microscope, telescope, sensor, spectrometer
A resource requiring interaction from the user to be understood, executed, or experienced.
Indicates that B includes A in a citation.
Indicates that B is used to compile or create A.
Indicates that A is continued by the work B.
Indicates that B is a source upon which A is based.
Indicates that B is documentation about/explaining A.
Indicates that A is identical to B, for use when there is a need to register two separate instances of the same resource.
Indicates that additional metadata A describes resource B.
Indicates that A is a new edition of B, where the new edition has been modified or updated.
Indicates that A is the original form of B.
Indicates that A is a portion of B. May be used for elements of a series.
Indicates that A is a previous edition of B.
Indicates that A is published inside B, but is independent of other things published inside of B.
Indicates that A is used as a source of information by B.
Indicates that A is a source upon which B is based.
Indicates that A is a variant or different form of B.
A scholarly publication consisting of articles that is published regularly throughout the year.
A written composition on a topic of interest, which forms a separate part of a journal.
An abstract, conceptual, graphical, mathematical, or visualization model that represents empirical objects, phenomena, or processes.
3D model, statistical model, simulation model
A formal document that outlines how research outputs are to be handled during and after a research project.
Evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field.
A physical object or substance, including artifacts, specimens, samples, and material objects.
fossil, artifact, tissue sample, mineral specimen
A version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a journal.
Person or organization responsible for the artistic and technical aspects of a resource, typically in audiovisual or media contexts.
A planned endeavor or activity, frequently collaborative, intended to achieve a particular aim.
Person officially designated as head of a project team or sub-project team instrumental in the work necessary to the development of the resource.
Person officially designated as manager of a project, responsible for day-to-day management activities.
Person on the membership list of a designated project or project team.
Indicates that B is used as a source of information for A.
Institution or organization officially appointed by a Registration Authority to handle specific tasks within a defined area of responsibility.
A standards-setting body from which Registration Agencies obtain their official recognition and guidance.
A person without a specifically defined role in the development of the resource, but who is someone the author wishes to recognize.
A document that presents information in an organized format for a specific audience and purpose.
A group of individuals with a common research focus, typically within a lab, department, or division.
A person involved in analyzing data or the results of an experiment or formal study.
Person or institution owning or managing property rights, including intellectual property rights, over the resource.
An organized system of apparatus, appliances, staff, etc., for supplying some function required by end users.
A computer program other than a computational notebook, in either source code (text) or compiled form.
A resource primarily intended to be heard, including music, speech, and other audio recordings.
Person or organization that issued a contract or under the auspices of which a work has been written, printed, published, developed, etc.
Something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model, example, or point of reference.
A detailed, time-stamped description of a research plan, often openly shared in a registry or repository.
clinical trial registration, pre-registration
Designated administrator overseeing one or more groups or teams working to produce the resource.
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading that is not covered by any other textual resource type.
Person, organization, or automated system responsible for rendering the content of a resource from one language into another.
A Work Package is a recognized data product, and the Work Package Leader ensures the comprehensive contents, availability, and quality of the work package.
A structured series of steps which can be executed to produce a final outcome, often automated.
bioinformatics pipeline, ETL workflow, analysis script
Catalyzes non-hydrolytic additions/removals
International consortium developing standards for responsible sharing of genomic and health-related data. Develops standards including Phenopackets, VRS, DRS, and Beacon.
International consortium developing and maintaining the Gene Ontology, the world's largest source of information on gene function. Provides GO annotations and the GO ontology itself.
Open-membership community developing standards for describing genomes, metagenomes, and related data. Develops MIxS checklists and related metadata standards.
The valuesets repository itself, for value sets that are community contributions without a specific external steward. Use sparingly; prefer identifying an appropriate domain consortium.
International consortium integrating genotype-phenotype data across species. Develops and maintains ontologies including HPO, Mondo, and Upheno, and provides data integration services.
Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies Foundry
Collaborative effort to develop interoperable ontologies for the life sciences. Coordinates ontology development and establishes principles for ontology best practices.
Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics
Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics program. International collaborative developing open-source analytics solutions for observational health data. Maintains the OMOP Common Data Model.
GA4GH work stream developing standards for sharing disease and phenotype information. Develops the Phenopacket Schema for representing clinical and phenotypic data.
United States National Library of Medicine
World's largest biomedical library and NIH component
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
NIH institute for diabetes, digestive, and kidney diseases research
National Human Genome Research Institute
NIH institute for genomics and genetics research
International organization promoting peaceful use of nuclear energy
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
NIH institute for environmental health sciences research
Nuclear energy research and national security laboratory
UN agency for weather, climate and water resources
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
NIH institute for heart, lung, and blood diseases research
UN program coordinating environmental activities
Multimission laboratory for national security and technology innovation
Albuquerque, New Mexico and Livermore, California
National Nuclear Security Administration
Federal department overseeing energy policy and nuclear weapons program
Primary federal agency for biomedical and public health research
Multidisciplinary research institution for national security
UN agency for international public health
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Professional association for electronic and electrical engineering
Multidisciplinary science and technology laboratory
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
NIH institute for neurological disorders research
Federal research laboratory focused on energy and environmental technology
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Morgantown, West Virginia
Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
Particle physics and accelerator research laboratory
Federal agency supporting fundamental research and education in non-medical fields
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Federal agency responsible for civil space program and aeronautics research
EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute, a global leader in bioinformatics services, databases, and tools. Hosts major resources including UniProt, Ensembl, and the Ontology Lookup Service.
Principal research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Research center for nuclear and high-energy physics
National Center for Biotechnology Information
Part of the United States National Library of Medicine. Develops databases and tools for molecular biology including GenBank, PubMed, and the NCBI Taxonomy.
NIH institute for cancer research and training
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
Nuclear physics research laboratory with particle accelerator
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Federal agency focused on ocean, atmosphere, and coastal research
Federal agency for earth science research and monitoring
Research and development laboratory focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Federal agency protecting human health and the environment
Plasma physics and fusion energy research laboratory
NIH institute for vision and eye disease research
National laboratory focused on materials science and chemistry research
National security laboratory focused on nuclear weapons and advanced technology
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
NIH institute for infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases research
Federal department responsible for military research and development
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
National Institute of General Medical Sciences
NIH institute supporting basic biomedical research
NIH institute for mental health research
Multidisciplinary science and engineering research center
Particle physics and photon science research laboratory
Research laboratory focused on energy, environment, and national security
Applied research laboratory for environmental and national security missions
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Federal agency promoting innovation and industrial competitiveness
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
Domain-level enum for academic value sets
The resource is temporarily restricted and will become publicly available after a specific date or event.
The resource contains sensitive information requiring special handling or access controls.
PII, health data, classified information
DNA/cells from EBV immortalized cell lines
DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue
RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue
Whole genome amplified DNA using GenomePlex technology
Whole genome amplified DNA using Repli-G technology
Pooled whole genome amplified DNA using Repli-G
Whole genome amplified DNA using Repli-G X technology
Sample containing only solvent/matrix without analyte
Sample with known composition for system performance monitoring
Directional orientation from front to back of an anatomical structure
Directional orientation from tail to head end of a structure
Directional orientation from tail to nasal end, typically for central nervous system
Directional orientation from head to tail end of a structure
Directional orientation from periphery to body center of a structure
Directional orientation from top/upper to palm of hand
Directional orientation from top/upper to sole of foot
Directional orientation from top/upper to belly/lower in an anatomical structure
Directional orientation from below to above in an anatomical structure
Directional orientation from left to right lateral side of an anatomical structure
Directional orientation from palm of hand to top/upper
Directional orientation from sole of foot to top/upper
Directional orientation from back to front of an anatomical structure
Directional orientation from body center to periphery of a structure
Directional orientation from right to left lateral side of an anatomical structure
Directional orientation from nasal to tail end, typically for central nervous system
Directional orientation from above to below in an anatomical structure
Directional orientation from belly/lower to top/upper in an anatomical structure
Any plane not parallel to sagittal, coronal, or transverse planes
An aquifer composed of unconsolidated alluvial deposits such as sand and gravel deposited by rivers
A confined aquifer in which the hydraulic pressure causes water to rise above the top of the aquifer
An aquifer bounded above and below by impermeable layers, under pressure greater than atmospheric
An aquifer in which groundwater flows primarily through fractures in otherwise low-permeability rock
An aquifer in soluble rock such as limestone where flow occurs through dissolution-enlarged conduits and fractures
A localized unconfined aquifer above the regional water table, supported by a low-permeability layer
An aquifer partially bounded by layers of lower permeability that allow some vertical leakage
An aquifer whose upper boundary is the water table, open to atmospheric pressure
Phenomenology of early universe, cosmic microwave background, cosmological parameters, primordial element abundances.
Interplanetary medium, planetary physics, terrestrial planets, extrasolar planets, irregular satellites.
Phenomena pertaining to galaxies or combinations of galaxies, interstellar medium, star clusters.
Cosmic ray production, gamma rays, X-rays, charged particles, supernovae, neutron stars, pulsars.
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Detector and calculation design, space and laboratory observatories, data analysis methods.
White dwarfs, brown dwarfs, stars, solar system, helioseismology, stellar evolution.
Glasses and spin glasses; random systems; information theory in physics; neural networks.
Quantum dots and wires, nanotubes, graphene, ballistic transport, mesoscale and nanoscale systems.
Techniques, synthesis, characterization, structure; mechanical and structural phase transitions.
Work in condensed matter that does not fit into other cond-mat classifications.
Ultracold atomic gases, Bose-Einstein condensation, Feshbach resonances, spinor condensates.
Membranes, emulsions, gels, foams, nematic phases, polymers, liquid crystals.
Phase transitions, thermodynamics, field theory, non-equilibrium phenomena, renormalization.
Quantum magnetism, non-Fermi liquid, spin liquids, stripe phases, electron-phonon interactions.
Superconductivity theory, models, phenomenology, experimental results.
Covers all areas of AI except Vision, Robotics, Machine Learning, Multiagent Systems, and NLP. Includes Expert Systems, Theorem Proving, Knowledge Representation, Planning, and Uncertainty in AI.
Covers systems organization and hardware architecture. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Class C.0, C.1, and C.5.
Covers models of computation, complexity classes, structural complexity, complexity tradeoffs, upper and lower bounds.
Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science
Covers applications of computer science to the mathematical modeling of complex systems in science, engineering, and finance.
Geometric algorithms, discrete differential geometry, and directly related problems.
Covers natural language processing. Includes computational linguistics, speech processing, text retrieval and processing.
Covers all areas of cryptography and security including authentication, public key cryptosystems, proof-carrying code, etc.
Covers image processing, computer vision, pattern recognition, and scene understanding.
Covers impact of computers on society, computer ethics, information technology and public policy, legal aspects of computing.
Covers database management, datamining, and data processing. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes H.2, H.3, and H.4.
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
Covers fault-tolerance, distributed algorithms, stabilization, parallel computation, and cluster computing.
Covers all aspects of digital library design and document creation. Note this may overlap with other areas.
Covers combinatorics, graph theory, applications of probability. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes G.2 and G.3.
Covers data structures and analysis of algorithms. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes E.1, E.2, F.2.1, and F.2.2.
Covers approaches to computing based on emerging technologies such as quantum computing, DNA computing, optical computing.
Covers automata theory, formal language theory, grammars, and combinatorics on words.
Covers introductory material, survey material, predictions of future trends, biographies, and miscellaneous computer-science related material.
Covers all aspects of computer graphics. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes I.3.0-I.3.8.
Covers all theoretical and applied aspects at the intersection of computer science and game theory.
Covers human factors, user interfaces, and collaborative computing. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes H.1.2 and H.5.
Covers indexing, dictionaries, retrieval, content and analysis. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes H.3.0-H.3.4.
Covers theoretical and experimental aspects of information theory and coding.
Papers on all aspects of machine learning research, including supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning, bandit algorithms.
Covers all aspects of logic in computer science, including finite model theory, logics of programs, modal logic, and program verification.
Covers multiagent systems, distributed artificial intelligence, intelligent agents, coordinated interactions.
Covers all aspects of multimedia systems, including hypermedia and information systems design.
Covers aspects of mathematical software for mathematical computation and related support.
Covers numerical algorithms for problems in analysis and algebra. Includes numerical linear algebra, optimization, and interpolation.
Covers neural networks, connectionism, genetic algorithms, artificial life, adaptive behavior.
Covers all aspects of computer communication networks, including network architecture and design.
Covers topics not fitting other computer science categories.
Covers aspects of operating systems including structure, design, management, and synchronization.
Covers performance measurement, simulation, and evaluation methodology.
Covers programming language semantics, language features, programming approaches, compilers.
Covers all aspects of robotics, including control, manipulation, planning, and robot learning.
Covers symbolics, including computer algebra systems, implementation, and applications.
Covers all aspects of computing with sound, and sound as an information channel.
Covers design tools, software metrics, testing and debugging, programming environments, requirements, specifications.
Covers design, analysis, and modeling of social and information networks, including their applications for online systems.
Covers theoretical and practical aspects of systems and control, including control system design.
Econometric theory and practice, including estimation, hypothesis testing, and forecasting.
General methodological, applied, and empirical contributions to economics.
Includes decision theory, game theory, mechanism design, and mathematical modeling in economics.
Theory and methods for processing signals representing audio, speech, and language, and their applications.
Theory, algorithms, and applications for the formation, capture, processing, communication, analysis, and display of images.
Theory, algorithms, performance analysis and applications of signal and data analysis.
Analysis and design of control systems, covering mathematical modeling and automatic control.
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
General relativity, gravitational physics, cosmological models, relativistic astrophysics.
Results from high-energy/particle physics experiments at accelerators and observatories.
Lattice field theory results with desired precision and algorithmic advances.
Theoretical particle physics and its relation to experiment. Covers Standard Model and beyond.
Formal aspects of quantum field theory, string theory, quantum gravity.
Applications of mathematics to problems in physics and development of mathematical methods for such applications.
Commutative rings, modules, ideals, homological algebra, computational aspects, local rings.
Algebraic varieties, stacks, sheaves, schemes, moduli spaces, complex geometry, quantum cohomology.
Existence and uniqueness, boundary conditions, linear and non-linear operators, stability, soliton theory.
Homotopy theory, homological algebra, algebraic treatments of manifolds.
Special functions, orthogonal polynomials, harmonic analysis, ODEs, differential relations.
Discrete mathematics, graph theory, enumeration, combinatorial optimization.
Enriched categories, topoi, abelian categories, monoidal categories, homological algebra.
Holomorphic functions, automorphic group actions, and their generalizations, complex geometry.
Complex, contact, Riemannian, pseudo-Riemannian, symplectic geometry, relativity, gauge theory.
Dynamics of differential equations and flows, mechanics, classical few-body problems.
Banach spaces, function spaces, real functions, distributions, measures, integration.
Mathematical material of general interest, broadly accessible expositions of research results.
Continuum theory, point-set topology, spaces with algebraic structure, topological dynamics.
Finite groups, topological groups, representation theory, cohomology, classification.
Manifolds, orbifolds, polyhedra, cell complexes, foliations, geometric structures.
Biographies, philosophy of mathematics, mathematics education, recreational mathematics.
Math methods in information theory and coding theory.
Algebraic and topological K-theory, relations with topology, commutative algebra, index theories.
Logic, set theory, point-set topology, formal mathematics.
Euclidean, hyperbolic, discrete, convex, coarse geometry, comparisons in Riemannian geometry.
Articles in which math methods are used to study physics problems, or math questions arising from physics.
Numerical algorithms for problems in analysis and algebra, scientific computation.
Prime numbers, diophantine equations, analytic number theory, algebraic number theory, arithmetic geometry.
Algebras of operators on Hilbert space, C*-algebras, von Neumann algebras, non-commutative geometry.
Operations research, linear programming, control theory, systems theory, optimal control.
Theory and applications of probability and stochastic processes, including stochastic differential equations.
Quantum groups, skein theories, operadic and diagrammatic algebra, quantum field theory.
Non-commutative rings and algebras, non-associative algebras, universal algebra.
Linear representations of algebras and groups, Lie theory, associative algebras.
Hamiltonian systems, symplectic flows, classical integrable systems.
Schrodinger operators, differential operators, spectral measures, scattering theory.
Applied, computational and theoretical statistics including probability, coverage, learning theory.
Self-organization, adaptation, and autonomous systems.
Dynamical systems with chaotic behavior, routes to chaos, spectral analysis, Lyapunov exponents.
Cellular automata, lattice Boltzmann, lattice gas automata, signal processing with cellular automata.
Pattern formation, coherent structures, solitons, waves.
Integrable PDEs, integrable ODEs, Painleve analysis, integrable discrete systems.
Experimental results from nuclear physics laboratories, such as heavy-ion collisions.
Theory of nuclear structure and low-energy reactions, including heavy-ion physics.
Accelerator theory and target design, beam physics, secondary beams, photon sources.
Atmospheric and oceanic processes, climate dynamics, waves, boundary layer physics.
Applications of physics to new technology, medical physics, instrumentation.
Binding, structure, and properties of clusters, nanoparticles.
Atomic and molecular structure, spectra, collisions, and data. Ultrafast physics, molecular physics.
Molecular biophysics, cellular biophysics, single molecule biophysics.
Experimental, methods, and results in chemical physics and molecular dynamics.
Newtonian and Lagrangian mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, special relativity.
All aspects of computational science applied to physics problems.
Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability
Methods, software, and results in physics data analysis.
Turbulence, instabilities, incompressible and compressible flows, boundary layers.
General physics that does not fit elsewhere.
Computational and theoretical geophysics including seismology, potential theory.
History and philosophy of all aspects of physics.
Instrumentation and detectors for accelerator, astro-, geo-, or particle physics.
Radiation therapy, biomedical imaging, health physics.
Adaptive optics, polarimetry, quantum optics, ultrafast optics, photonics.
Fundamental plasma physics, magnetic and inertial confinement, astrophysical plasmas.
General physics topics for a broad audience.
Sociophysics, structure and dynamics of societies, opinion dynamics.
Space plasma physics, magnetospheric physics, solar wind, cosmic rays.
DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, small molecules; molecular structure and dynamics; molecular engineering.
Cell-cell signaling, morphogenesis, development; cell division/cycle; immunology.
DNA sequencing and assembly; gene finding; genome structure, organization, and regulation.
Gene regulation, signal transduction, metabolic networks, kinetics, synthetic biology.
Synapse, receptor dynamics, learning, neural coding, neuroinformatics.
Work in quantitative biology that does not fit in the other q-bio classifications.
Population dynamics, spatio-temporal evolution, migration, phylogeny, biodiversity.
Research papers with experimental, numerical, or statistical contributions of value to biologists.
Subcellular structures, molecular motors, organelle transport, packaging.
Blood flow, biomechanics, tumor growth, tissue morphogenesis.
Monte Carlo, PDE, and other numerical methods with applications to quantitative finance.
General economics topics with quantitative approaches.
General quantitative financial methodologies covering multiple sub-fields.
Mathematical and analytical methods in finance, stochastic methods, hedging strategies.
Security selection and optimization, capital allocation, investment strategies.
Valuation and hedging of financial securities, their derivatives, and structured products.
Measurement and management of financial risks in trading, banking, insurance.
Statistical, econometric methods applied to financial markets.
Market microstructure, algorithmic trading, order book dynamics.
Quantum foundations, quantum information, quantum computation, quantum mechanics.
Biology, education, epidemiology, engineering, environmental sciences, medical, physical sciences.
Algorithms, computational methods, simulation, visualization.
Design, surveys, model selection, regression, testing, time series.
Covers machine learning papers with a statistical or theoretical grounding.
Work in statistics that does not fit into the other stat-* classifications.
Asymptotics, Bayesian inference, decision theory, estimation, foundations, inference.
JSON-based language for specifying experimental protocols
CLSI standard for Specimen Container/Specimen Carrier
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CLSI standard for Bar Codes for Specimen Container Identification
CLSI standard for Communications with Automated Clinical Laboratory Systems
CLSI standard for Systems Operational Requirements, Characteristics, and Information Elements
CLSI standard for Electromechanical Interfaces
Laboratory Open Protocol Language - open specification for laboratory protocols
Standardization in Lab Automation version 2 - international standard for open connectivity in lab automation
Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening
AI-based software system that designs and plans experiments based on prior data and objectives
Instrument for automated measurement and characterization of samples
Automated system for chemical or biological synthesis operations
System for automated collection, storage, and management of experimental data
Robotic system for automated sample manipulation, transfer, and preparation
System for real-time monitoring of laboratory safety conditions and automated hazard response
safety monitoring and emergency response
Automated storage and retrieval system for laboratory samples
Human operator with assistive technologies
Complete autonomous operation without human intervention
Partial autonomy with human intervention capability
Autonomous operation with human supervision
Biological methods for mineral beneficiation
High-voltage electric pulse fragmentation
Magnetic separation of ferromagnetic minerals
Microwave treatment to weaken ore structure
Flexible spending and benefit choice options
Medical, dental, and vision insurance coverage
Training, education, and career development benefits
Employee health and wellness initiatives
Benefits supporting work-life integration
Non-ribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene clusters
Peptides synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases
Other or unclassified biosynthetic gene clusters
BGCs that do not fit into standard categories or are of unknown type
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide
Ribosomally synthesized peptides with extensive post-translational modifications
Chemical breakdown of cellulose to sugars using dilute or concentrated acid.
Conversion of alcohols (ethanol, isobutanol) to jet fuel through dehydration, oligomerization, and hydrogenation.
Biological breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas.
Breakdown of cellulose and hemicellulose to fermentable sugars using enzymes.
Biological conversion of sugars to alcohols using yeast or bacteria.
Catalytic conversion of syngas to liquid hydrocarbons.
Conversion of wet biomass to bio-crude using high temperature and pressure water.
Catalytic reaction of lipids with hydrogen to produce hydrocarbon fuels.
Thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce bio-oil, syngas, and biochar.
Chemical reaction of triglycerides with alcohol to produce fatty acid esters (biodiesel) and glycerol.
Active uptake and intracellular concentration of metals by living organisms
metabolically driven intracellular uptake
Use of microorganisms or biosurfactants to selectively separate mineral particles by flotation
Microbially mediated precipitation of metals as insoluble compounds such as sulfides or phosphates
Passive binding of metal ions to the surface of biological materials such as microbial biomass
Biological leaching of metals from crushed ore stacked in heaps irrigated with acidic microbial solutions
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans
Biological leaching of metals directly in the ore body without excavation
Use of hyperaccumulator plants to extract metals from soil or mining waste for recovery
Biological leaching of metals in agitated tank reactors with controlled conditions
Biofuels produced from food crops (sugar, starch, vegetable oils) using conventional conversion technologies.
Biofuels from genetically engineered organisms designed for carbon capture and enhanced fuel production.
Biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass (non-food) using advanced conversion technologies.
Biofuels produced from algae or other photosynthetic microorganisms.
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) produced by transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats.
Gaseous mixture of methane and CO2 produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter.
Purified biogas upgraded to natural gas quality (>95% methane).
Liquid intermediate produced by pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass.
Hydrocarbon diesel produced by hydrotreating lipids. Chemically identical to petroleum diesel.
Jet fuel produced from biomass or waste, meeting aviation fuel specifications.
Synthesis gas (CO + H2) produced by gasification of biomass.
Indirect bioleaching through organic acid production
Direct bacterial oxidation of iron compounds
Direct bacterial oxidation of sulfur compounds
Genetically modified organism for enhanced bioleaching
Laboratory bench scale operations, typically less than 10 liters
Full commercial production scale, typically greater than 10000 liters
Demonstration scale operations for technology validation, typically 1000-10000 liters
Micro-scale operations using microfluidic or microtiter plate formats, typically less than 1 mL
High-throughput screening and optimization
Pilot plant scale operations for process development, typically 10-1000 liters
Microalgae or macroalgae cultivated for lipid or carbohydrate content for biofuel production.
Livestock waste including cattle, swine, and poultry manure.
Corn kernels used for starch-based ethanol production.
Agricultural residue consisting of leaves, stalks, and cobs remaining after corn grain harvest.
High-fiber sugarcane varieties bred for biomass production rather than sugar content.
Waste food from residential, commercial, and industrial sources.
Biomass from forest operations including logging residues, thinning material, and salvage timber.
High-yielding perennial grass cultivated as dedicated energy crop.
Municipal Solid Waste (Organic Fraction)
Organic portion of municipal solid waste suitable for bioenergy conversion.
Fast-growing hardwood tree cultivated as short-rotation woody crop for biomass.
Agricultural residue remaining after rice grain harvest.
Sugar-rich crop used for first-generation ethanol production.
Sorghum variety with high sugar content in stalks, suitable for both sugar and lignocellulosic conversion.
Perennial warm-season grass native to North America, cultivated as dedicated energy crop for cellulosic biofuel production.
Waste vegetable oils from food preparation.
Agricultural residue remaining after wheat grain harvest.
Fast-growing shrub cultivated as short-rotation woody crop.
Byproducts from wood processing including sawdust, bark, shavings, and wood chips.
Conversion from batch to continuous operation for improved efficiency and consistency
Use of computational process models for simulation, prediction, and optimization
mechanistic models, hybrid models, machine learning
Optimization of product recovery and purification processes
chromatography, membrane separation, extraction
Optimization of feeding strategies in fed-batch processes to maximize product yield
Implementation of real-time process analytical technology (PAT) for process monitoring and control
Optimization of growth media composition including carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and micronutrients
Engineering approaches to increase volumetric productivity and reduce process footprint
Genetic modification and selection of production strains for improved performance
metabolic engineering, directed evolution, adaptive laboratory evolution
Domain-level enum for bioprocessing value sets
Biologically active compounds with therapeutic or functional properties
Chemical compounds produced through biological processes
organic acids, amino acids, platform chemicals
Biological agents used for pest control in agriculture
Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi
Biodegradable or bio-based plastic materials such as PHA, PLA, and PBS
Surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms
Photobioreactor for photosynthetic organisms
Primitive trigonal/rhombohedral lattice (hR)
Building meeting minimum energy code requirements without additional certification
EPA Energy Star certification for buildings performing in top 25% of energy efficiency
LEED Certified rating (40-49 points) from the U.S. Green Building Council
LEED Gold rating (60-79 points) from the U.S. Green Building Council
LEED Platinum rating (80+ points) from the U.S. Green Building Council
LEED Silver rating (50-59 points) from the U.S. Green Building Council
Building that produces more energy than it consumes on an annual basis
Building that produces as much energy as it consumes on an annual basis
Building meeting Passive House Institute standards for ultra-low energy consumption
Integrated control systems for monitoring and managing building operations
Electrical power distribution and wiring systems within the building
Fire detection, suppression, and alarm systems
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems for climate control
Interior and exterior lighting systems including controls and fixtures
Water supply, drainage, and sewage systems
On-site renewable energy generation systems such as solar panels and wind turbines
Load-bearing structural framework including foundations, columns, beams, and slabs
Moving goods from producers to consumers
wholesalers, retailers, logistics companies
intermediary between producers and consumers
Providing educational and training services
schools, universities, training companies
Providing entertainment and recreational services
Providing financial and investment services
hospitals, clinics, pharmaceutical companies
Creating, processing, and distributing information
media companies, publishers, data processors
Creating or manufacturing physical goods
Providing specialized professional expertise
Providing intangible services to customers
Developing and applying technology solutions
software companies, biotech, engineering
Initial business idea development and validation
Decreasing market relevance or performance
Stable operations with established market position
operational efficiency and market defense
Business owned by employees through stock or cooperative structure
Business owned and controlled by family members
Business owned by foreign individuals or entities
Business owned by institutional investors
Business owned jointly by multiple parties
Business owned by private individuals or entities
Business with publicly traded ownership shares
Primary processes that create customer value
Processes focused on customer interaction and service
Processes related to financial management
Processes for developing new products or services
Processes for planning, controlling, and improving
Long-term planning and strategic activities
Processes that enable core business activities
Among the 500 largest US corporations by revenue
Major corporation with significant operations
Mid-sized business between small and large classifications
Very small business with minimal employees and revenue
Large corporation operating in multiple countries
Small business as defined by SBA standards
From beginning of quarter to current date
Initial - Processes are unpredictable, poorly controlled, and reactive
Managed - Processes are characterized for projects and reactive
Defined - Processes are characterized for the organization and proactive
Quantitatively Managed - Processes are measured and controlled
Optimizing - Focus on continuous process improvement
No longer available, permanently shut down
Fully operational and available to users
Catalyst in different phase from reactants
Catalyst facilitating reaction between phases
Zero bases from reading frame to feature start.
One base from reading frame to feature start.
Two bases from reading frame to feature start.
In vivo patient-derived xenograft viability
Trans-endothelial electrical resistance measurement
typically faces lumen or external environment
Junction between apical and lateral surfaces
The attached surface of an epithelial cell
Junction between basal and lateral surfaces
Mature fabrication node (65nm and larger) for legacy and specialty applications
Meso compound (achiral despite stereocenters)
No appropriate ontology term found for customer churn
No appropriate ontology term found for customer retention
active avoidance learning behavior assay
Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index Questionnaire
distortion product otoacoustic emissions
Riccardi and Ablon clinical severity scales
Social Responsiveness Scale Second Edition
Cyan Magenta Yellow Key (black) color model
Serial communication protocol for industrial devices
OPC Unified Architecture for industrial automation
Serial communication protocol (RS-232, RS-485)
Sharing of company profits with employees
Equity compensation through stock options
Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Nuclear Power Plants
Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications
Nuclear power plants - Instrumentation and control systems
IEEE Standard Criteria for Safety Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations
Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports
Western European Nuclear Regulators Association Reference Levels
Schema-level enum for computational_materials in materials_science
Diagnosis recorded for billing purposes in EHR
Condition documented as chief complaint in EHR
Diagnosis recorded during healthcare encounter
Condition recorded as part of care episode
Condition on patient problem list in EHR
Primary diagnosis in first position on claim
Condition derived through natural language processing
Condition recorded as observation in EHR
Primary condition for an encounter or episode
Schema-level enum for construction in industry
A microplate with deeper wells for increased sample volume capacity
Small laboratory tube with volume capacity from 0.2 ml to 2.0 ml
A microplate specifically designed for PCR thermal cycling applications
Container for storing pipette tips in organized racks
Container for holding bulk reagents for dispensing
A rack designed to hold multiple laboratory tubes
Sequences assembled from DNA of isolated organism. Bacteria/Archaea: https://genomicsstandardsconsortium.github.io/mixs/0010003/ Euk: https://genomicsstandardsconsortium.github.io/mixs/0010002/ Virus: https://genomicsstandardsconsortium.github.io/mixs/0010005/ Organelle: https://genomicsstandardsconsortium.github.io/mixs/0010006/ Plasmid: https://genomicsstandardsconsortium.github.io/mixs/0010004/
Sequences from targeted region of DNA; see protocol for information on targeted region. specimen: https://genomicsstandardsconsortium.github.io/mixs/0010009/ survey: https://genomicsstandardsconsortium.github.io/mixs/0010008/
Sequences assembled from RNA of mixed community. Currently not represented by GSC.
The type of contributor being represented.
Dodecahedral coordination geometry (8 ligands)
Hexagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry (8 ligands)
Linear coordination geometry (2 ligands at 180°)
Pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry (7 ligands)
Pentagonal planar coordination geometry (5 ligands in plane)
See-saw coordination geometry (4 ligands)
Square antiprismatic coordination geometry (8 ligands)
Square pyramidal coordination geometry (5 ligands)
Trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry (5 ligands)
Trigonal planar coordination geometry (3 ligands, 120° angles)
Trigonal prismatic coordination geometry (6 ligands)
Trigonal pyramidal coordination geometry
Senior executive responsible for financial management
Senior executive responsible for operations
Officer responsible for corporate records and governance compliance
Board member independent from company management
Board member who is also company employee or has material relationship
Senior independent director when chairman is not independent
Chair of board's nominating and governance committee
BLAKE2b variant producing a 256-bit hash value. Faster than MD5 and SHA-1 while being more secure.
BLAKE2b variant producing a 384-bit hash value.
BLAKE2b variant producing a 512-bit hash value. Optimized for 64-bit platforms.
Latest BLAKE variant, extremely fast with 256-bit output. Supports parallelization and incremental hashing.
Message Digest 4 algorithm producing a 128-bit hash value. Predecessor to MD5. Considered cryptographically broken.
Message Digest 6 algorithm with variable output size. Designed as a candidate for SHA-3 but not selected.
SHA-3 variant producing a 224-bit hash value. Based on the Keccak algorithm.
SHA-3 variant producing a 256-bit hash value. Based on the Keccak algorithm. Provides defense against length extension attacks.
SHA-3 variant producing a 384-bit hash value. Based on the Keccak algorithm.
SHA-3 variant producing a 512-bit hash value. Based on the Keccak algorithm.
SHA-2 variant producing a 224-bit hash value. Truncated version of SHA-256.
Crystal growth from high temperature solution
Crystal growth in aqueous solution under pressure
Crystal growth via vapor phase transport
Schema-level enum for crystal_structures in materials_science
Traditional air-based cooling using computer room air conditioning (CRAC) or air handling units
Liquid cooling with cold plates attached directly to processors and other heat-generating components
Cooling that uses water evaporation to reduce air temperature
Cooling using outside ambient air when conditions permit, reducing mechanical cooling load
Cooling that leverages underground temperature stability for heat dissipation
Cooling by submerging server hardware in a thermally conductive dielectric liquid
Cooling using liquid coolant circulated through heat exchangers near server components
Liquid-to-air heat exchanger mounted on the rear door of server racks
Basic capacity - single non-redundant distribution path with no redundancy
Redundant capacity components - single non-redundant distribution path with redundant components
Concurrently maintainable - multiple independent distribution paths with redundant components
Fault tolerant - multiple independent distribution paths with redundant components, fault tolerant
Schema-level enum for data_centers in computing
Long-term preservation with access controls
Conforms to defined standards and formats
Service enabling search and discovery of datasets and services.
Service enabling bulk download of datasets or portions thereof.
Service enabling invocation of operations on data, typically through an API.
Service enabling query-based access to data, returning filtered or aggregated results.
Service enabling subscription to data updates or notifications.
Service enabling transformation of data, such as format conversion or coordinate transformation.
Service enabling viewing or visualization of data without full download.
Particle stack for single particle analysis
JSON Lines format (newline-delimited JSON)
Test split used for final model evaluation
Validation split used for hyperparameter tuning and model selection
Single decision-maker with full authority
Joint decision-making with shared responsibility
Agreement reached through group discussion
Rapid decision-making under crisis conditions
Decisions based on data analysis and evidence
Group participation in decision-making process
Decisions based on experience and gut feeling
Surveying and characterizing radiological and hazardous conditions at the facility
Physical demolition and removal of contaminated structures and equipment
Final regulatory review and release of the site from nuclear licensing requirements
Ongoing environmental monitoring after initial cleanup is complete
Restoring the site to a condition suitable for future use
Processing, packaging, transporting, and disposing of radioactive waste
Critical defect rendering item unusable or unsafe
Minor defect that doesn't affect functionality
Level 1 - Prevention of Abnormal Operation
Conservative design and high quality in construction and operation
prevent deviations from normal operation
Control of abnormal operation and detection of failures
reactor protection systems, safety systems
Level 3 - Control of Accidents Within Design Basis
Control of accidents to prevent progression to severe conditions
emergency core cooling, containment systems
Level 4 - Control of Severe Plant Conditions
Control of severe accidents including prevention of core melt progression
Level 5 - Mitigation of Radiological Consequences
Mitigation of off-site radiological consequences
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer detection
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor detector
Detector that measures the total energy of incident particles by absorbing them
Detector that identifies particles by measuring Cherenkov radiation emitted in a medium
Gas-filled wire chamber that measures particle positions from electron drift times
Large detector system designed to identify and measure the momentum of muons
Detector using scintillating material that emits light when traversed by ionizing radiation
Semiconductor detector using finely segmented silicon strips for precise position measurement
Gas-filled detector that provides three-dimensional particle track reconstruction
Detector that records the trajectories of charged particles
Schema-level enum for devices in lab_automation
PHYSICIAN ADMINISTERED DRUG (IDENTIFIED AS PROCEDURE)
PHYSICIAN ADMINISTERED DRUG (IDENTIFIED FROM EHR ORDER)
Drug administered by physician from EHR order
PRESCRIPTION DISPENSED THROUGH MAIL ORDER
Strong evidence of human carcinogenicity. This descriptor is appropriate when there is convincing epidemiologic evidence of a causal association between human exposure and cancer.
Legacy EPA classification. Sufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies to support a causal association between exposure and cancer.
Group B1 - Probable Human Carcinogen (Legacy)
Legacy EPA classification. Limited evidence of carcinogenicity from epidemiologic studies.
Group B2 - Probable Human Carcinogen (Legacy)
Legacy EPA classification. Sufficient evidence from animal studies and inadequate evidence from epidemiologic studies.
Group C - Possible Human Carcinogen (Legacy)
Legacy EPA classification. Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals in the absence of human data.
Legacy EPA classification. Inadequate human and animal evidence of carcinogenicity or no data available.
Group E - Evidence of Non-Carcinogenicity (Legacy)
Legacy EPA classification. No evidence of carcinogenicity in at least two adequate animal tests or in adequate epidemiologic and animal studies.
Inadequate Information to Assess Carcinogenic Potential
Available data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential.
Evidence is adequate to demonstrate carcinogenic potential to humans but does not reach the weight of evidence for Carcinogenic to Humans.
Available data are considered robust for deciding that there is no basis for human hazard concern.
Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenic Potential
Evidence is suggestive of carcinogenicity but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential.
Economic activities extracting natural resources
typically lower employment share in developed economies
research, education, information technology, consulting
knowledge, information, and intellectual services
High-level decision-making and policy services
top-level government, healthcare, education, culture
highest level services and decision-making
Economic activities manufacturing and processing goods
historically significant in industrial economies
transforms raw materials into finished products
retail, hospitality, transportation, finance, healthcare
largest and fastest growing sector in developed economies
Some college or technical school but no degree
Material with high electrical conductivity (resistivity < 10^-5 Ω·m)
Material with very low electrical conductivity (resistivity > 10^8 Ω·m)
Material with zero electrical resistance below critical temperature
Green with yellow stripe - ground/earth (International)
Events involving actual or potential substantial degradation of plant safety
Events involving actual or imminent substantial core degradation
Events that are in process or have occurred which indicate potential degradation
Events with actual or likely major failures of plant protective systems
Direct emissions from owned or controlled sources
Indirect emissions from purchased energy
All other indirect emissions in value chain
Schema-level enum for emotion_classification in data_science
Temporarily away from work on approved leave
Independent contractor or freelance work
Student or entry-level internship program
Employment tied to seasonal business needs
Battery storage (see BatteryType for specific chemistries)
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
Electromagnetic isotope separation (EMIS)
species extinction, ecosystem disruption
Schema-level enum for events in preservation
Fully automated execution without human intervention
Test execution without actual operations
Combination of automated and manual steps
Simulated execution for testing and validation
Automated execution with human supervision
Machine learning approach that iteratively selects the most informative experiments to perform
query-based learning from unlabeled data
Probabilistic model-based optimization using Bayesian inference to guide experimental selection
surrogate model with acquisition function
Classical statistical methods for planning experiments including factorial and response surface designs
full factorial, fractional factorial, Box-Behnken, central composite
Optimization method inspired by biological evolution using mutation, crossover, and selection
Systematic exploration of parameter space using a regular grid of experimental conditions
Statistical sampling method that ensures even coverage of each parameter dimension
Optimization approach that simultaneously considers multiple competing objectives
Experimental design using random sampling of the parameter space
Machine learning approach where an agent learns optimal experimental strategies through trial and reward
Airborne allergens including pollen, mold spores, and other biological particles triggering allergic responses.
tree pollen, grass pollen, ragweed, mold spores
Access to and proximity to water bodies including lakes, rivers, and coastal areas.
Characteristics of the human-made environment including walkability, food access, and housing quality.
walkability score, food desert index, housing age
EPA-regulated criteria air pollutants under the Clean Air Act: PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, CO, and Pb.
Ambient cold exposure characterized by temperature or wind chill.
Ambient heat exposure characterized by temperature, heat index, or other thermal comfort metrics.
temperature, heat index, WBGT, apparent temperature
Access to and amount of vegetated areas including parks, forests, and urban greenery. Associated with mental and physical health benefits.
EPA-designated hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) known to cause cancer or other serious health effects.
Artificial light at night from urban and industrial sources. Associated with circadian disruption.
Ambient noise from traffic, airports, industry, and other sources. Associated with cardiovascular and mental health effects.
Naturally occurring or anthropogenic radioactive materials in the environment, including radon gas.
Area-level measures of socioeconomic disadvantage that modify or mediate environmental health effects.
Chemical contaminants in soil that may affect health through direct contact, ingestion, or vapor intrusion.
Solar ultraviolet radiation exposure, particularly UVB relevant to skin cancer and vitamin D synthesis.
Environmental conditions favoring disease vector populations (mosquitoes, ticks) based on climate and land use.
Chemical, biological, or physical contaminants in drinking water or recreational water bodies.
lead, arsenic, nitrates, PFAS, pathogens
Smoke from wildfires containing PM2.5, CO, VOCs, and other combustion products. Distinct from anthropogenic air pollution.
Single or short-term exposure (hours to days)
Exposure during critical developmental periods
Counts normalized by a method such as DESeq2 or edgeR
Raw read counts of transcripts without normalization
Variance stabilizing transformation values
A facility where mineral resources are extracted
A facility where stone, sand, or gravel are extracted
A facility where fluid resources are extracted
A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock
A granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles
Period of degraded air quality due to pollution accumulation, typically during temperature inversions or stagnant air conditions.
respiratory illness, cardiovascular events
Prolonged period of excessively cold weather relative to the expected conditions for a given area. Associated with hypothermia and cardiovascular events.
hypothermia, cardiovascular events, frostbite
Meteorological event with strong winds lifting large amounts of sand and dust into the atmosphere. Reduces visibility and air quality.
Precipitation event exceeding historical norms for intensity or duration. Often precedes flooding events.
Prolonged period of excessively hot weather relative to the expected conditions for a given area. Associated with increased mortality, heat stroke, and cardiovascular events.
heat stroke, cardiovascular events, mortality
Intense tropical cyclone with sustained winds of 74 mph or greater. Called hurricane (Atlantic/E. Pacific), typhoon (W. Pacific), or cyclone (Indian Ocean).
traumatic injuries, drowning, displacement, infectious disease
Mass movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Often triggered by extreme precipitation or earthquakes.
traumatic injuries, burial, displacement
Storm producing significant snow, ice, or sleet. Includes ice storms, nor'easters, and lake-effect snow events.
injuries, hypothermia, carbon monoxide poisoning
Acrisols - soils with subsurface accumulation of low-activity clays and low base saturation
Alisols - soils with high aluminium saturation and low base saturation
Anthrosols - soils strongly modified by human activities
Calcisols - soils with secondary calcium carbonate accumulation
Cambisols - soils with beginning of horizon differentiation
Chernozems - very dark, fertile soils with thick mollic horizon
Ferralsols - highly weathered soils with low-activity clay minerals
Gypsisols - soils with secondary gypsum accumulation
Kastanozems - soils with chestnut-colored mollic horizon
Leptosols - shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material
Lixisols - soils with clay illuviation and low base saturation
Luvisols - soils with clay illuviation and high base saturation
Nitisols - soils with deep, well-structured clay horizons
No data - areas where soil data is not available
Phaeozems - soils with dark mollic horizon and high base saturation
Planosols - soils with abrupt textural change and impermeable subsoil
Plinthosols - soils with iron-rich, humus-poor mixture that hardens irreversibly
Podzols - soils with subsurface accumulation of aluminium and iron complexes with organic matter (spodic horizon)
Regosols - weakly developed soils without significant horizon differentiation
Retisols - soils with clay migration and tonguing of overlying material
Solonetz - soils with high exchangeable sodium content
Stagnosols - soils with seasonal waterlogging in upper horizons
Technosols - soils containing significant amounts of technical artifacts
Umbrisols - soils with dark acidic surface horizon
Continuous media exchange with cell retention
Self-defining Text Archival and Retrieval format
Yellow with black stripes - fire hazard area
Fissile plutonium isotope from U-238 breeding
Fissile plutonium isotope with short half-life
Naturally occurring fissile uranium isotope
Spent fuel reprocessing using aqueous methods
Traditional underground or open-pit uranium mining
Uranium enrichment using gaseous diffusion
Uranium enrichment using centrifuge technology
Uranium extraction from low-grade ores by heap leaching
Uranium enrichment using laser isotope separation
Facility for manufacturing mixed oxide fuel
Spent fuel reprocessing using electrochemical methods
Manufacturing of nuclear fuel assemblies
Chemical separation of spent fuel components
Conversion of yellowcake to uranium hexafluoride
Search and evaluation of uranium deposits
Processing of uranium ore to produce yellowcake
Preparation of waste for storage or disposal
Conversion of uranium concentrate to UF6
Massless gauge boson mediating the strong force between quarks
Massive gauge boson mediating the charged weak interaction
Massive gauge boson mediating the neutral weak interaction
Compact toroidal confinement where the magnetic field reverses direction inside the plasma
Confinement by compressing fuel pellets to extreme densities using lasers or particle beams
Fusion driven by high-power laser systems to compress and heat fuel targets
Magnetic confinement using external coils to generate a twisted toroidal magnetic field (stellarator)
Magnetic confinement using a toroidal chamber with an axial magnetic field and plasma current (tokamak)
Hybrid approach combining magnetic field compression with inertial confinement
Compact toroidal confinement with toroidal and poloidal magnetic fields of comparable strength
Confinement using the magnetic field generated by a large axial current through the plasma
Deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fuel, avoiding the need for scarce tritium
Deuterium-helium-3 (D-He3) fuel, producing fewer neutrons than D-T
Deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel, the most studied fusion fuel with the lowest ignition temperature
Proton-boron-11 (p-B11) aneutronic fuel producing only charged particles
Ratio of plasma kinetic pressure to magnetic pressure, a key performance metric
Average time a particle or unit of energy remains confined in the plasma
Ratio of fusion power output to external heating power input (Q factor)
Product of plasma density and confinement time required for net energy gain
Electric current flowing through the plasma, important for tokamak confinement
Number density of particles in the plasma, measured in particles per cubic meter
Temperature of the plasma, typically measured in electron-volts (eV) or kelvin
Conditional/inducible gene knockout (Cre-lox or similar)
Tissue or cell type-specific gene knockout
CRISPR Assisted mRNA Fragment Trans-splicing
CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) for gene upregulation
CRISPR base editing for precise nucleotide changes
CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) for gene silencing
CRISPR prime editing for versatile sequence changes
Bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
Candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code
Mold, protozoan, coelenterate mitochondrial
Ciliate, dasycladacean, hexamita nuclear code
Echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code
Compound heterozygous (two different mutant alleles)
Hemizygous (single allele, X-linked or deletion)
Cenozoic Era (66 million years ago - present)
Mesozoic Era (252 - 66 million years ago)
Paleozoic Era (541 - 252 million years ago)
Precambrian (4.6 billion - 541 million years ago)
A geophysical imaging method using sources and receivers in separate boreholes to image the intervening subsurface
A monitoring technique using fiber optic cables to measure acoustic signals along a borehole or surface deployment
A monitoring technique using fiber optic cables to measure temperature profiles along a borehole or surface deployment
A geophysical imaging technique that measures the electrical resistivity distribution of the subsurface
A geophysical method measuring variations in the gravitational field to infer subsurface density distribution
A geophysical method using radar pulses to image the shallow subsurface
A geophysical method measuring variations in the magnetic field to detect subsurface magnetic anomalies
A geophysical method using natural electromagnetic fields to investigate the subsurface electrical conductivity structure
A geophysical method using reflected seismic waves to image subsurface geological structures
A geophysical method using refracted seismic waves to determine subsurface velocity structure and layer boundaries
Measurement of physical properties of rock formations traversed by a borehole using downhole instruments
Schema-level enum for geospatial_formats in computing
Simple text-based raster format. Header followed by space-delimited cell values.
GeoTIFF optimized for cloud storage with internal tiling and overviews for efficient partial reads over HTTP.
Format used by ENVI remote sensing software. Binary raster with separate header file.
Proprietary format for ERDAS IMAGINE software. Commonly used for satellite imagery processing.
TIFF image format with embedded georeferencing information. Standard format for satellite imagery and raster GIS data.
GRIdded Binary format. Standard WMO format for meteorological data exchange.
HDF format extended for NASA Earth Observing System data. Used for MODIS, ASTER, and other NASA satellite products.
Wavelet-based image compression format with georeferencing capability. Used for satellite imagery distribution.
NASA format optimized for cloud storage and fast random access to large imagery datasets.
Chunked, compressed, N-dimensional array format designed for cloud storage. Growing adoption for climate data.
Binary format optimized for fast streaming and random access. Cloud-native alternative to Shapefile.
Esri proprietary format for storing multiple feature classes and tables in a folder structure.
JSON-based format for encoding geographic data structures. Web-friendly and human-readable.
OGC standard SQLite-based format for vector and raster data. Modern replacement for Shapefile.
single file, no size limit, transactions
Apache Parquet with geospatial extensions. Columnar format optimized for analytics on large vector datasets.
Geography Markup Language. OGC XML-based format for geographic features.
Vector data stored in GeoPackage format. Can coexist with raster data in same file.
Keyhole Markup Language. XML-based format for Google Earth and other applications.
Compressed KML file (ZIP archive containing KML and supporting files).
Widely used vector format consisting of multiple files (.shp, .shx, .dbf). De facto standard despite limitations.
Extension of GeoJSON that encodes topology. Smaller file sizes through shared arc representation.
Binary equivalent of WKT for efficient storage and transfer.
Text markup language for representing vector geometry objects.
Use of geothermal heat for fish farming and aquaculture.
Use of geothermal waters for spas, pools, and recreation.
Direct use of geothermal heat for space heating, district heating, or industrial processes.
Use of geothermal resources for power generation through steam turbines or binary cycle plants.
Use of geothermal heat for food drying, pasteurization, and processing.
Use of geothermal heat for agricultural greenhouses.
Use of geothermal heat for industrial manufacturing processes.
Extraction of lithium and other minerals from geothermal brines as a co-product of energy production.
Low permeability reservoir where heat transfer is primarily through conduction rather than convection.
Reservoir where fluid flow is controlled by fault systems providing permeability pathways.
Reservoir in fractured crystalline basement rocks, typically granitic or metamorphic.
Very high temperature reservoir near or in contact with magma bodies or recent intrusions.
Reservoir in sedimentary formations with elevated temperatures due to depth or regional heat flow.
Reservoir associated with volcanic activity, typically in active volcanic regions with magma heat sources.
Geothermal resource above 150C, suitable for flash steam power generation.
Geothermal resource below 90C, suitable for direct use applications.
Geothermal resource 90-150C, suitable for binary power generation.
Very high temperature resource above 374C where water exists in supercritical state.
Closed-loop geothermal systems that circulate working fluid through wellbores to extract heat conductively without reservoir stimulation.
Engineered reservoirs created to extract heat from low permeability geothermal resources through stimulation methods.
Deep sedimentary formations with abnormally high fluid pressure containing hot brine and dissolved methane.
Shallow geothermal system using stable ground temperatures for heating and cooling buildings.
Geothermal system targeting hot basement rock lacking natural fluid or permeability, requiring artificial reservoir creation.
Naturally occurring geothermal system with heat, fluid, and permeability sufficient for energy extraction without stimulation.
Very high temperature systems (>374C) where water exists above its critical point, offering higher energy density.
Well drilled at an angle to access reservoir from offset surface location or increase reservoir contact.
Well drilled to evaluate geothermal resource characteristics.
Well used to return cooled geothermal fluids to the reservoir to maintain pressure and sustainability.
Well used to monitor reservoir conditions and pressure.
Well used to extract geothermal fluids or steam from the reservoir.
Smaller diameter well used for initial exploration and temperature gradient measurement.
Schema-level enum for go_evidence in bio
Ability to use digital technology and access digital resources
Inability to meet basic financial needs and obligations
Difficulty affording basic necessities such as food, housing, and utilities
Quality and quantity of social relationships and support networks
Lack of reliable, safe, and affordable transportation
Difficulty paying for utilities such as electricity, gas, or water
Military veteran status and related needs
Array of capacitors used for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation
Protective device that automatically interrupts current flow during fault conditions
Medium- and low-voltage conductors that deliver electricity from substations to end users
Flexible AC Transmission System device for controlling power flow and improving grid stability
Device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) for grid connection
Protective device that detects abnormal conditions and triggers circuit breakers
Advanced metering device that records energy consumption and communicates with the utility
Facility that switches, transforms, and regulates electrical power in the grid
High-voltage conductors that carry electricity over long distances from generation to substations
Energy storage by compressing air into underground caverns or tanks for later expansion through turbines
Energy storage as rotational kinetic energy in a spinning mass
Energy storage by raising heavy masses to height and lowering them to generate electricity
Energy storage by producing hydrogen via electrolysis for later use in fuel cells or turbines
Energy storage by pumping water to an elevated reservoir and releasing it through turbines
Electrochemical capacitor providing high power density with rapid charge and discharge cycles
Energy storage as heat in materials such as molten salt, concrete, or phase-change materials
Adjusting consumer electricity demand in response to supply conditions or price signals
Generating electricity from many small sources close to the point of consumption
Maintaining grid frequency at nominal levels by balancing generation and load in real time
Coordinating charge and discharge of large-scale energy storage assets for grid optimization
Distributing electrical load across generation sources to maintain grid stability
Operating a localized energy grid that can function independently or connected to the main grid
Reducing peak electricity demand through storage dispatch or demand reduction programs
Aggregating distributed energy resources to operate as a single coordinated power source
Maintaining voltage levels within acceptable ranges across the grid
The portion of streamflow derived from groundwater discharge into surface water bodies
The biological breakdown of contaminants in groundwater by microbial activity
The movement and spreading of dissolved or suspended contaminants through groundwater
The process by which groundwater exits an aquifer to the surface or to another formation
Horizontal movement of groundwater through an aquifer
Chemical processes involving the formation or dissolution of mineral phases in groundwater
The process by which water enters an aquifer from the surface or from an overlying formation
The movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, typically in coastal areas
The process by which dissolved substances are attached to solid surfaces in the aquifer matrix
Vertical movement of groundwater between aquifers through semi-confining layers
Managing compensation and benefits programs
Managing employee relationships and workplace issues
Employment law compliance and risk management
policy development, compliance monitoring
Employee training and development programs
Organizational design and change management
change management, culture transformation
Employee performance evaluation and improvement
sourcing, screening, interviewing, hiring
Hard acids/bases (small, high charge density)
Soft acids/bases (large, low charge density)
Black and white stripes - corrosive (Class 8)
White with red stripes - flammable solid (Class 4.1)
Person using transportation service for the purpose of initiating one of the other Visits, without a Care Site, within one day, potentially with Providers accompanying the Visit and delivering service
Person interacting with healthcare system, without a Care Site, within a day, with no Providers involved, for administrative purposes
Person visiting dedicated healthcare institution for treating emergencies, at a Care Site, within one day, with physicians and Providers permanently available to deliver service around the clock
Person visiting ER followed by a subsequent Inpatient Visit, where Emergency department is part of hospital, and transition from the ER to other hospital departments is undefined
Provider visiting Person, without a Care Site, within one day, delivering service
Person visiting hospital, at a Care Site, in bed, for duration of more than one day, with physicians and other Providers permanently available to deliver service around the clock
Patient visiting dedicated institution, at a Care Site, within one day, for the purpose of a Measurement.
Person visiting dedicated institution for reasons of poor health, at a Care Site, long-term or permanently, with no physician but possibly other Providers permanently available to deliver service around the clock
Person visiting dedicated ambulatory healthcare institution, at a Care Site, within one day, without bed, with physicians or medical Providers delivering service during Visit
Person visiting pharmacy for dispensing of Drug, at a Care Site, within one day
Patient engages with Provider through communication media
Classical antiquity (8th century BCE - 6th century CE)
Contemporary period (mid 20th century - present)
Digital/Information age (1950s - present)
Early modern period (15th - 18th century)
Modern era (19th century - mid 20th century)
Was present in the patient historically but not currently
Use of hydrogen with nitrogen to produce ammonia for fertilizers.
Blending hydrogen into natural gas pipelines for decarbonization of heating.
Use of hydrogen in stationary fuel cells for power generation.
Use of hydrogen in fuel cells for transportation (cars, trucks, buses).
Use of hydrogen as chemical feedstock for ammonia production, petroleum refining, and chemical synthesis.
Use of hydrogen with CO2 to produce methanol.
Conversion of excess renewable electricity to hydrogen for grid balancing and energy storage.
Use of hydrogen to reduce iron ore in steelmaking, replacing coal.
Use of hydrogen with captured CO2 to produce synthetic hydrocarbons (e-fuels, SAF).
Electrolysis using alkaline solution (typically KOH) as electrolyte. Mature commercial technology.
Combines steam reforming and partial oxidation using oxygen and steam to produce hydrogen from hydrocarbons.
Production of hydrogen by microorganisms through photosynthesis, fermentation, or other biological processes.
Thermochemical conversion of biomass to hydrogen-rich syngas at high temperatures.
Thermal decomposition of methane into hydrogen and solid carbon without oxygen. Produces no direct CO2.
Exothermic process reacting hydrocarbons with limited oxygen to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis
Proton Exchange Membrane electrolysis using solid polymer electrolyte. Higher efficiency, faster response.
Direct conversion of sunlight to hydrogen using specialized semiconductor materials in contact with water.
High temperature electrolysis using solid ceramic electrolyte. Higher efficiency when waste heat is available.
High temperature steam reacts with methane to produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.
Using high temperatures from concentrated solar or nuclear to drive chemical cycles that split water.
Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electrical current. Can be powered by various energy sources.
Storage as chemical compounds (ammonia, methanol, LOHC) that release hydrogen when processed.
Storage of hydrogen as compressed gas at high pressure (350-700 bar) in pressure vessels.
Hybrid approach combining cryogenic cooling with high pressure for improved density.
Storage of hydrogen in liquid form at cryogenic temperatures (-253C). Higher energy density but requires insulation.
Storage of hydrogen absorbed into metal alloys forming metal hydrides. Safer but heavier than compressed gas.
Large-scale storage in salt caverns, depleted gas fields, or aquifers for grid-scale applications.
Hydrogen produced from black coal (bituminous) gasification without carbon capture. High carbon intensity.
Hydrogen produced from natural gas via steam methane reforming (SMR) with carbon capture and storage (CCS). Low carbon intensity.
Hydrogen produced from brown coal (lignite) gasification without carbon capture. High carbon intensity.
Hydrogen produced via electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro). Zero carbon emissions during production.
Hydrogen produced from natural gas via steam methane reforming without carbon capture. Most common production method currently.
Hydrogen produced from plastic waste gasification or pyrolysis. Emerging technology addressing both energy and waste challenges.
Hydrogen produced via electrolysis powered by nuclear energy. Zero carbon emissions during production.
Hydrogen produced via methane pyrolysis, producing solid carbon instead of CO2. Lower carbon intensity than grey hydrogen.
Naturally occurring geological hydrogen found in underground deposits. Zero production emissions.
Hydrogen produced via electrolysis powered by solar energy specifically. A subset of green hydrogen.
A well used to remove contaminated groundwater as part of remediation activities
A well drilled to access geothermal resources for energy production or direct use
A well used to inject fluids into the subsurface for disposal, storage, or aquifer recharge
A well used to observe and measure groundwater conditions such as water level, quality, and flow
A well used to observe hydrological parameters without significant water extraction
A device or small-diameter well used to measure hydraulic head at a specific point in the subsurface
A well used to extract groundwater for water supply purposes
A well used to artificially replenish groundwater by injecting treated water into an aquifer
Waste with negligible radioactivity requiring no regulatory control
Waste requiring containment for thousands to hundreds of thousands of years
thousands to hundreds of thousands of years
Waste requiring containment for thousands of years
Waste requiring containment for up to hundreds of years
Waste requiring limited containment and isolation
Waste stored for decay to exempt levels within few years
Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. The agent is carcinogenic to humans.
asbestos, benzene, tobacco smoking, ionizing radiation
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. The agent is probably carcinogenic to humans.
limited in humans, sufficient in animals
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence in experimental animals. The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans.
coffee, pickled vegetables, gasoline engine exhaust
Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and inadequate or limited evidence in experimental animals. The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
Anomaly beyond authorized operating regime
minor contamination, minor safety system failure
Incident with significant defenses remaining
Serious incident with some defense degradation
Level 4 - Accident with Local Consequences
Level 5 - Accident with Wider Consequences
Serious accident with significant releases
extensive evacuation and countermeasures
Major accident with widespread health and environmental effects
High confidence in the validity of a finding.
Low confidence in the validity of a finding.
Medium confidence in the validity of a finding.
Very high confidence in the validity of a finding.
Very low confidence in the validity of a finding.
95-100% probability of occurrence/truth.
66-100% probability of occurrence/truth.
Greater than 50% to 100% probability of occurrence/truth.
90-100% probability of occurrence/truth.
99-100% probability of occurrence/truth.
Abdomen/pelvis - Tumor encasing aorta and/or IVC
Tumor encasing aorta and/or inferior vena cava.
Abdomen/pelvis - Tumor encasing celiac axis and/or SMA
Tumor encasing celiac axis and/or superior mesenteric artery.
Abdomen/pelvis - Tumor encasing iliac vessels
Abdomen/pelvis - Tumor encasing origin of renal vessels
Abdomen/pelvis - Pelvic tumor crossing sciatic notch
Pelvic tumor crossing the sciatic notch.
Infiltration of adjacent organs/structures
Infiltration of adjacent organs/structures such as pericardium, diaphragm, kidney, liver, duodeno-pancreatic block, and mesentery.
Cervico-thoracic junction - Tumor compressing trachea
Cervico-thoracic junction - Tumor encasing brachial plexus roots
Tumor encasing brachial plexus roots (C5-T1).
Cervico-thoracic junction - Tumor encasing subclavian vessels
Tumor encasing subclavian vessels and/or vertebral artery and/or carotid artery.
Intraspinal tumor extension provided that more than one third of the spinal canal in the axial plane is invaded and/or the perimedullary leptomeningeal spaces are not visible and/or spinal cord signal is abnormal.
Ipsilateral tumor extension within two body compartments
Tumor extension from neck to chest, chest to abdomen, or abdomen to pelvis.
Neck - Tumor encasing carotid and/or vertebral artery
Tumor encasing carotid artery and/or vertebral artery.
Neck - Tumor encasing internal jugular vein
Thoraco-abdominal - Tumor encasing aorta and/or vena cava
Tumor encasing the aorta and/or vena cava.
Thorax - Tumor compressing trachea and/or principal bronchi
Tumor compressing trachea and/or principal bronchi.
Thorax - Tumor encasing aorta and/or major branches
Tumor encasing aorta and/or major branches.
Thorax - Lower mediastinal tumor infiltrating costo-vertebral junction
Lower mediastinal tumor infiltrating the costo-vertebral junction between T9 and T12.
PerkinElmer EnVision 2103 Multiplate Reader
PerkinElmer IVIS Spectrum In Vivo Imaging System
NanoString CosMx Spatial Molecular Imager
NanoString GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler
Vectra H1 3D Imaging System (Perkin Elmer)
10x Genomics Visium Spatial Gene Expression
Agilent XF24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer
Hydrochloric acid or chloride-based leaching
Ammonia or ammonium-based leaching system
Bioleaching using iron-oxidizing bacteria
Bioleaching using sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
Organic acid leaching (citric, oxalic, etc.)
intensifying competition for shrinking market
opportunities for innovation and disruption
Industries formerly regulated but now market-based
transition from regulation to competition
Industries subject to extensive government oversight
banking, healthcare, utilities, pharmaceuticals
public safety, market power, or systemic risk
Industries with minimal regulatory oversight
Industries with significant but focused regulation
balance between oversight and flexibility
Industries primarily regulated by industry organizations
professional services, trade associations
French Southern and Antarctic Lands territory
Island group in Pacific Ocean (part of Kiribati)
Norwegian territory (part of Svalbard and Jan Mayen - SJ)
Information is not applicable to control samples, negative control samples (e.g. blank sample or clear sample)
No specific ontology term found for missing control sample data
Information can not be reported due to a data agreement established before metadata standards were introduced in 2023
No specific ontology term for data missing due to pre-2023 agreements
Information can not be reported due to endangered species concerns
No specific ontology term for data withheld due to endangered species
Information can not be reported due to identifiable human data concerns
No specific ontology term for data withheld due to human identifiability
Information is not collected for a lab stock and its cultivation, e.g. stock centers, culture collections, seed banks
No specific ontology term found for missing lab stock data
Information can not be provided for a sample group where a selection of samples is used to represent a species, location or some other attribute/metric
No specific ontology term found for missing sample group data
Information does not exist for a synthetic construct
No specific ontology term found for missing synthetic construct data
Emergency preparedness and response inspections
Pre-operational testing and commissioning inspections
Regularly scheduled inspection activities
Special inspections for significant events
Initial startup and power ascension inspections
Three-year cycle comprehensive inspections
Complete logging of all operations for compliance
Automatic transfer of data between systems
Integration feature for tracking samples via barcodes
Integration with cloud-based storage systems
Support for electronic signatures for regulatory compliance
Automated error detection and recovery mechanisms
Real-time tracking of sample location and status
Automated validation of workflow definitions
Laboratory Information Management System
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
Inventory classification by value importance
Supplier-owned inventory at customer location
Continuous monitoring with fixed reorder point
Periodic inventory review with variable order quantity
Buffer inventory for demand/supply uncertainty
Simple reorder point system using two bins
Supplier-controlled inventory management
May include complex chromosomal arrangements
Workflow for automated execution of chemical or biological synthesis procedures
Workflow for automated sample characterization using multiple analytical techniques
Workflow where experimental results are automatically fed back to guide subsequent experiments
Workflow for automated preparation of samples for analysis or further processing
automated sample handling and preparation
Fully autonomous workflow combining AI-driven planning, execution, and analysis without human intervention
A device that reads barcode labels on laboratory samples and containers
An automated device for selecting and transferring individual bacterial or yeast colonies
A device for automated dispensing of reagents or samples
An automated device designed to transfer microplates between workstations and lab instruments
A laboratory apparatus used to amplify DNA segments via the polymerase chain reaction
Microplates - Bottom Outside Flange Dimensions
Society for Biomolecular Screening standard footprint (127.76mm x 85.5mm)
Genuine and self-aware leadership approach
Directive leadership with centralized control
Inspiring leadership through personal charisma
Participative leadership with shared decision-making
Hands-off leadership with minimal interference
Leader serves followers and facilitates their growth
Adaptive leadership based on situation requirements
Exchange-based leadership with rewards and consequences
Inspirational leadership that motivates change
Corporation with social and environmental mission
Member-owned and democratically controlled organization
Traditional corporation with double taxation
double taxation (corporate and dividend)
Business operating under franchisor's brand and system
Business owned by two or more partners sharing responsibilities
unlimited personal liability for all partners
Company that owns controlling interests in other companies
Temporary partnership for specific project or purpose
Hybrid entity combining corporation and partnership features
fewer formal requirements than corporations
Partnership providing liability protection to all partners
Partnership with general and limited partners
general partners have unlimited liability
limited partners have liability protection
Corporation organized for charitable or public purposes
charitable, educational, or public benefit
Business owned and operated by single individual
Company controlled by another company (parent)
Corporation electing pass-through taxation
ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation)
Combined construction and operating license
Construction permit application and review
Early site permit for future construction
Operating license application and review
Pre-application consultation and preparation
Acoustic liquid handling that uses acoustics to fly individual droplets from a source container to a destination
Operation to distribute a sample into multiple equal portions
Operation to draw liquid into pipette tips
Operation to dispense liquid from pipette tips
Operation to drop or discard pipette tips
Operation to mix liquids by repeated aspiration and dispensing
Operation to pick up pipette tips from a tip rack
Operation to transfer samples from one plate to another in the same well pattern
Operation to return pipette tips to a tip rack
Operation to create a series of dilutions of a substance in solution
Combined operation to aspirate from source and dispense to destination
Product distribution and delivery operations
Supply chain integration and management services
International shipping and customs management
Management of incoming materials and supplies
Management of finished goods distribution
Management of product returns and recycling
Storage and inventory management operations
Input features used for model prediction
Unique identifiers for records or entities
Target labels or outputs for supervised learning
target, output, dependent variable, ground truth
Descriptive information about the dataset or records
Graph-structured data with nodes and edges
social networks, knowledge graphs, molecular structures
Textual data (natural language, code, etc.)
Video data (sequences of images with optional audio)
Siemens Magnetom Avanto 1.5T MRI scanner
Siemens Magnetom Avanto Fit 1.5T MRI scanner
Siemens Magnetom Espree 1.5T MRI scanner
Siemens Magnetom Prisma Fit 3T MRI scanner
Sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts
Adjacent magnetic moments cancel each other
Similar to ferromagnetic but with opposing magnetic moments
Strongly attracted to magnetic fields, can be permanently magnetized
Maintenance triggered by equipment condition assessment
Maintenance to repair failed or degraded equipment
Unplanned maintenance due to equipment failure
Required inspection of safety-related components
specified intervals (typically 10 years)
Changes to plant design or configuration
plant improvement or regulatory compliance
Maintenance based on condition monitoring
Scheduled maintenance to prevent equipment failure
Major maintenance during scheduled refueling
fiduciary responsibility to shareholders
Management responsible for departments or major programs
Supervisory role managing teams or operations
Experienced professional without management responsibilities
First-line management overseeing frontline employees
Lead role within team without formal management authority
Senior management responsible for major divisions
Collaborative and consensus-building approach
Waste elimination and value optimization approach
Dual reporting relationships and shared authority
Structured approach to managing projects
Focus on outcomes and performance results
Hierarchical command-and-control management approach
Change-oriented and inspirational management
Manufacturing by adding material layer by layer to build a three-dimensional object
Pouring molten material into a mold and allowing it to solidify
Producing metal parts by electrodeposition of metal onto a mandrel or pattern
Shaping metal using compressive forces applied by hammering, pressing, or rolling
Manufacturing by reshaping material through mechanical forces without significant addition or removal
Removing material from a workpiece using cutting tools to achieve a desired geometry
Forming metal parts from compacted and sintered metal powders
Manufacturing by removing material from a solid block to create a desired shape
Joining materials by applying heat, pressure, or both to fuse them together
Schema-level enum for manufacturing in industry
Box/Sidebar with supplementary information
aircraft manufacturing, some software markets
Many small firms with identical products
Units for expressing mass error in mass spectrometry
Flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry
high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Label-free mass spectrometry quantification
liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection
Multiplexed Inhibitor Beads mass spectrometry
Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology
ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Energy difference between the valence band and conduction band in a semiconductor or insulator
Energy associated with the formation or migration of point defects and dislocations
Ratio of the permittivity of a material to the permittivity of free space
Measure of material stiffness defined as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic regime
Energy required to form a compound from its constituent elements in their standard states
Magnetic dipole moment of a material arising from electron spin and orbital contributions
Maximum stress a material can withstand before failure under applied load
Thermodynamic stability of a material phase relative to competing phases
Excess energy at the surface of a material relative to its bulk
Molecular dynamics with forces computed from first-principles electronic structure calculations
Simulation using simplified representations that group atoms into larger effective interaction sites
Modeling material behavior at the macroscopic scale using continuous field equations
Quantum mechanical method for computing electronic structure based on electron density functionals
Numerical method for solving partial differential equations by dividing a domain into discrete elements
Interatomic potentials trained on quantum mechanical data using machine learning methods
Continuum method for simulating microstructure evolution using order parameter fields
Semi-empirical quantum mechanical method using parameterized Hamiltonian matrices
Can be drawn into wires, undergoes large plastic deformation
Exhibits both viscous and elastic characteristics
Hardness testing (Vickers, Rockwell, Brinell)
Impact resistance testing (Charpy, Izod)
Nanoindentation for nanoscale mechanical properties
Types of metal-containing chemical components
Metal cation (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe3+)
heme, chlorophyll, cobalamin, Fe-S cluster
Metals resistant to corrosion and oxidation
Metals with very high melting points (>2000°C)
Schema-level enum for microelectronics in computing
Microplate with 1536 wells with 2.25mm well-to-well spacing
Microplate with 384 wells with 4.5mm well-to-well spacing
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
3DHISTECH Pannoramic 250 Flash slide scanner
Philips FEI Tecnai 12 electron microscope
Saline water sources containing dissolved minerals
Byproducts from coal mining and processing
Electronic waste containing recoverable metals
Primary ore from hardrock mining operations
Historical mine tailings available for reprocessing
Extraction without removing the ore from its original location
Extraction occurs on the earth's surface
Extraction of valuable minerals from alluvial deposits
Extraction occurs beneath the earth's surface
Reference to any Theiler stage (TS1-TS28) which provides standardized morphological staging for mouse development.
Neonatal stage from birth through postnatal day 3
Middle-aged stage from postnatal days 180-365 (6 to 12 months)
Young adult stage from postnatal days 21-60 (3 weeks to 2 months)
Aged stage from postnatal day 365 onwards (12+ months)
Pre-weaning stage from postnatal days 4-21 (typical weaning age)
Adult stage from postnatal days 60-180 (2 to 6 months)
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
Establishments engaged in agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
crop production, animal production, forestry, fishing
natural resource extraction and production
Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction
Establishments engaged in extracting natural resources
oil and gas extraction, mining, support activities
Establishments engaged in providing utilities
electric power, natural gas, water, sewage, waste management
Establishments engaged in construction activities
building construction, heavy construction, specialty trade contractors
Establishments engaged in manufacturing goods
food, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment
transforms materials into finished goods
Establishments engaged in wholesale distribution
merchant wholesalers, agents and brokers
intermediary between manufacturers and retailers
Establishments engaged in retail sales to consumers
motor vehicle dealers, food stores, general merchandise
Establishments providing transportation and warehousing services
air, rail, water, truck transportation, warehousing
Establishments in information industries
publishing, broadcasting, telecommunications, data processing
Establishments providing financial services
banking, securities, insurance, funds and trusts
Establishments engaged in real estate and rental activities
real estate, rental and leasing services
Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services
Establishments providing professional services
legal, accounting, engineering, consulting, research
Establishments serving as holding companies or managing enterprises
Administrative and Support and Waste Management
Establishments providing administrative and support services
administrative services, waste management, remediation
Establishments providing educational instruction
Establishments providing health care and social assistance
hospitals, medical practices, social assistance
Establishments in arts, entertainment, and recreation
performing arts, spectator sports, museums, recreation
Establishments providing accommodation and food services
Other Services (except Public Administration)
repair, personal care, religious organizations
executive, legislative, judicial, public safety
The actinium decay series starting from U-235 and ending with stable Pb-207.
Primordial radionuclide present in all potassium-bearing minerals and biological tissues.
The thorium decay series starting from Th-232 and ending with stable Pb-208. Includes Ra-228, Rn-220 (thoron), and other isotopes.
The uranium decay series starting from U-238 and ending with stable Pb-206. Includes Ra-226, Rn-222, Po-210, and other isotopes.
Lowest radioactivity waste suitable for shallow land burial
Intermediate radioactivity requiring waste form stability
Highest concentration suitable for shallow land burial
Waste exceeding Class C limits, generally unsuitable for shallow burial
U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report on Carcinogens classifications. The NTP identifies and discusses agents, substances, mixtures, or exposure circumstances that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health.
There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, which indicates a causal relationship between exposure to the agent and human cancer.
arsenic, asbestos, benzene, vinyl chloride
Reasonably Anticipated To Be Human Carcinogen
There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, which indicates that causal interpretation is credible but alternative explanations cannot be ruled out, OR there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
limited human or sufficient animal evidence
lead compounds, styrene, trichloroethylene
Intermediate risk neuroblastoma requiring multimodal treatment including chemotherapy.
Low risk neuroblastoma with favorable prognosis. Treatment may include surgery alone or observation.
Very low risk neuroblastoma with excellent prognosis. Typically includes L1 tumors and MS without MYCN amplification.
Large-scale commercial reactor for electricity generation
Facility for converting yellowcake to UF6
Nuclear facility undergoing dismantlement
Facility for increasing U-235 concentration
isotope separation (centrifuge, diffusion)
Facility for manufacturing nuclear fuel assemblies
Deep underground facility for permanent waste disposal
Facility for temporary storage of nuclear materials
Reactor for ship or submarine propulsion
Laboratory facility handling radioactive materials
research, analysis, small-scale production
Reactor for demonstrating new technology
Facility for producing medical and industrial isotopes
Facility for separating spent fuel components
Reactor designed for research, training, and isotope production
Reactor for testing materials and components
Facility for processing uranium ore into yellowcake
Determination of the time since last chemical purification of nuclear material using parent-daughter ratios
Chemical separation of radionuclides from a sample matrix for individual measurement
Schema-level enum for nuclear_forensics in energy
Converting yellowcake to uranium hexafluoride (UF6)
Increasing U-235 concentration in uranium
Processing uranium ore into yellowcake (U3O8)
Chemical separation of useful materials from spent fuel
Uranium with increased U-235 concentration
Bundled fuel rods ready for reactor loading
MOX fuel containing plutonium and uranium oxides
Gaseous uranium compound (UF6) used for enrichment
Natural uranium ore containing uranium minerals
Plutonium with high Pu-240 content from spent fuel
Coated particle fuel with multiple containment layers
Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate
Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (Japan)
State Atomic Energy Corporation (Russia)
Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (Finland)
Placing an engineered barrier over contaminated material to prevent migration and exposure
Using chemical oxidants to destroy or transform organic contaminants at nuclear sites
Applying electric fields to move and concentrate contaminants in soil for removal
Pumping contaminated groundwater to the surface for treatment and reinjection
Using microorganisms in place to degrade or immobilize radioactive contaminants
Monitoring natural processes that reduce contaminant concentrations without active intervention
Using plants to extract, contain, or degrade radioactive contaminants from soil and water
Physical removal and disposal of contaminated soil
Chemical or physical treatment to reduce the mobility of contaminants in soil or waste
Immobilizing radioactive waste by incorporating it into a glass matrix
Material that can be used directly to manufacture nuclear explosive devices
Material requiring further processing to manufacture nuclear explosive devices
HEU <20% but >5%, natural uranium >500kg
Material posing radiation hazard but minimal proliferation risk
natural uranium 10-500kg, depleted uranium
Material with minimal security significance
Large naval vessel with nuclear propulsion and aircraft operations
Large surface combatant with nuclear propulsion
Vessel designed to break ice using nuclear power
Commercial cargo vessel with nuclear propulsion
Ship designed for oceanographic research with nuclear power
Underwater vessel with nuclear propulsion
various (attack, ballistic missile, cruise missile)
Unauthorized or accidental release of radioactive material into the environment
Deliberate sabotage of a nuclear facility to cause radiological release
Theft or diversion of nuclear or radioactive material from authorized control
Illicit trafficking and transport of nuclear or radioactive materials across borders
OWL 2 DL (Description Logic) - full expressiveness while maintaining computational completeness and decidability. Maximum expressiveness without sacrificing decidability.
general purpose ontologies requiring high expressiveness
OWL 2 EL (Existential Language) - optimized for applications using very large ontologies with basic relationships. Provides polynomial time reasoning.
OWL 2 Full - maximum expressiveness with no restrictions, but reasoning is undecidable. Allows full RDF capabilities.
maximum flexibility, no guaranteed reasoning
OWL 2 QL (Query Language) - optimized for query answering over large data repositories. Based on DL-Lite family.
ontology-based data access, database integration
OWL 2 RL (Rule Language) - optimized for rule-based reasoning and can be implemented using rule engines. Compatible with RDF Schema.
Flexible and responsive operational approach
Centralized operational control and decision-making
Distributed operational control and autonomy
Technology-enabled and digital-first operations
Combination of centralized and decentralized elements
Waste elimination and value-focused operations
Collaborative network of partners and suppliers
External service provider operational model
Platform-based business operational model
Centralized services shared across business units
Systematic approach to equipment maintenance
Procedure for fuel handling and replacement
Physical security and access control procedures
Systematic procedure for shutting down reactor
Systematic procedure for bringing reactor to power
Schema-level enum for operations in lab_automation
Continues to emit light after excitation stops
Allows light to pass through but with significant scattering
Organization by product lines, markets, or geography
Minimal hierarchical levels with broader spans of control
Organization by business functions or departments
Traditional pyramid structure with clear chain of command
Combination of multiple organizational structures
Dual reporting relationships combining functional and project lines
Flexible structure with interconnected relationships
Geographically dispersed organization connected by technology
Location indicators for OSTI media files and sets.
Absolute quantification PCR using partitioning
PCR optimized for amplifying long DNA fragments
PCR amplifying multiple targets simultaneously
PCR with reverse transcription step for RNA amplification
PCR with decreasing annealing temperature
Low-profile PCR plate for automated systems
PCR plate with skirted base for stability
Amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-film cells
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film cells
Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film cells
Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) cells
Agrivoltaic system (dual-use with agriculture)
Circular accelerator that uses a changing magnetic field to accelerate electrons
Accelerator that directs two counter-rotating beams into head-on collisions
Accelerator-based light source using relativistic electrons in a magnetic undulator
Accelerator-driven neutron source where protons strike a heavy metal target
Circular ring that stores particles at constant energy for extended periods
Conditionally accepted pending revisions
A ion series - N-terminal fragment minus CO
B ion series - N-terminal fragment with CO
C ion series - N-terminal fragment with NH3
D ion series - partial side chain cleavage
DA ion series - a ion with side chain loss
DB ion series - b ion with side chain loss
V ion series - side chain loss from y ion
W ion series - side chain loss from z ion
WA ion series - a ion with tryptophan side chain loss
WB ion series - b ion with tryptophan side chain loss
X ion series - C-terminal fragment plus CO
Y ion series - C-terminal fragment with H
Z ion series - C-terminal fragment minus NH
Multi-perspective performance measurement system
Customer experience and satisfaction measurement
Value creation measurement after cost of capital
Employee satisfaction and engagement measurement
Innovation performance and capability measurement
Specific metrics measuring critical performance areas
Goal-setting framework with measurable outcomes
Operational performance and efficiency measurement
Financial return measurement relative to investment
Environmental and social sustainability measurement
Performance significantly above expected standards
Performance meets all expected standards
Exceptional performance far exceeding standards
Performance meets some but not all standards
The completion status of a planned process, indicating whether the process was successfully executed or failed. Based on COB (Core Ontology for Biology) planned process hierarchy.
Stage after harvest when plant parts are detached from parent plant
Having male and hermaphrodite flowers on separate plants
Having male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant
Having both male and female reproductive organs in the same flower
Having male and hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant
Having both male and female reproductive organs
Male and female organs mature at different times
Having male and female reproductive organs in separate flowers
Having female and hermaphrodite flowers on separate plants
Having female and hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant
Flower lacking either male or female reproductive organs
Having male and female flowers on the same plant
Flower having both male and female reproductive organs
Having male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers on separate plants
Having male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers
Mostly male flowers with occasional hermaphrodite flowers
Mostly dioecious with occasional hermaphrodite flowers
Mostly female flowers with occasional hermaphrodite flowers
Having male and female organs fused together
Having only one sex of reproductive organs
Having only male flowers (staminate flowers)
Having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant
Having both male and female reproductive organs; hermaphroditic
Having male and female organs that mature at different times
Having unisexual flowers (either male or female, not both)
Having only female flowers (pistillate flowers)
Flowers lacking either stamens or pistils (unisexual)
Having bisexual flowers (both male and female organs)
Flowers having both stamens and pistils (bisexual)
Having male, female, and bisexual flowers on separate plants
Having male, female, and bisexual flowers
Predominantly male plants with occasional hermaphroditic flowers
Predominantly dioecious with occasional hermaphroditic individuals
Predominantly female plants with occasional hermaphroditic flowers
Having male and female organs in the same structure
Having only one sex (either male or female reproductive organs)
Surface treatment optimized for protein binding assays
Surface treatment to enhance cell attachment and growth
Plates with glass inserts for samples not suitable for plastic containers
Plates made from polypropylene for chemical resistance
Plates made from polystyrene, the most common material for standard applications
Plant operating commercially for electricity generation
Plant undergoing testing before commercial operation
Plant completely dismantled and site restored
Plant shut down for extended period for major work
Plant temporarily shut down for fuel replacement and maintenance
fuel replacement, maintenance, inspection
Ensures the exact bit sequence is maintained. Includes fixity checks and secure storage but no format migration or access provision.
Comprehensive preservation including all aspects: bit-level integrity, format migration, semantic context, and provenance tracking.
Maintains the ability to render or use the content. May include format migration to ensure long-term accessibility.
Preserves the meaning and context of content, including relationships between objects and their intellectual context.
Highest priority, requires immediate attention
Flexible and iterative process improvement
Digital technology-enabled process transformation
Establishing consistent process standards
CO2 equivalent emissions in kg per tonne
Selectivity index for separation processes
Specific energy consumption in kWh per tonne
Water usage intensity in liters per tonne
Laboratory bench scale (typically < 10 L)
Procurement of capital equipment and assets
Procurement of materials directly used in production
raw materials, components, subassemblies
Urgent procurement due to immediate needs
Technology-enabled procurement processes
Procurement of goods and services supporting operations
office supplies, maintenance, professional services
Procurement of professional and business services
Procurement of strategically important items
Environmentally and socially responsible procurement
Indicates that there is clear experimental evidence for the existence of the protein. The criteria include partial or complete Edman sequencing, clear identification by mass spectrometry, X-ray or NMR structure, good quality protein-protein interaction or detection of the protein by antibodies.
Indicates that the existence of a protein has not been strictly proven but that expression data (such as existence of cDNA(s), RT-PCR or Northern blots) indicate the existence of a transcript.
Indicates that the existence of a protein is probable because clear orthologs exist in closely related species.
Used for entries without evidence at protein, transcript, or homology levels.
Indicates that the existence of the protein is unsure.
Schema-level enum for protein_evidence in bio
Protocol execution has been temporarily suspended
Protocol is being validated before execution
Protocol is waiting for required resources to become available
Domain-level enum for publishing value sets
Systematic quality assurance with documented processes
Organization-wide quality culture and commitment
Schema-level enum for quality_control in data_science
Statistical charts for monitoring process variation
Statistical method for process optimization
Gauge R&R (Repeatability and Reproducibility)
Frequency distribution chart for data analysis
80/20 rule analysis for problem prioritization
Correlation analysis between two variables
Informal and unstructured quality practices
Documented and standardized quality processes
Measured and controlled quality management
Continuously improving quality excellence
Industry-leading quality performance and innovation
Performance comparison with best practices
DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify)
Six Sigma design methodology for new processes
Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify
DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control)
Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Systematic analysis of potential failure modes
Workplace organization and standardization methodology
Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain
Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement
Combined methodology integrating Lean and Six Sigma
Continuous improvement cycle methodology
Systematic approach to identifying problem root causes
Statistical methods for process monitoring and control
European Foundation for Quality Management
European excellence model for organizational performance
Quality standard for medical device industry
International standard for environmental management systems
ISO 27001 Information Security Management
International standard for information security management
confidentiality, integrity, availability
ISO 45001 Occupational Health and Safety
International standard for occupational health and safety
integrates with other management systems
International standard for quality management systems
Waste elimination and value-focused quality approach
Data-driven quality improvement methodology
Comprehensive quality management philosophy
Quality standard for automotive industry
Quantum algorithms for cryptographic applications including key distribution and code breaking
Quantum error correction codes and fault-tolerant computation protocols
Quantum algorithms for linear algebra problems such as solving linear systems
Quantum algorithms for machine learning and pattern recognition tasks
Quantum algorithms for combinatorial and continuous optimization problems
Quantum search algorithms for unstructured database search
Quantum algorithms for simulating physical and chemical systems
Hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithms for near-term quantum devices
Schema-level enum for quantum in computing
Qubit encoded in energy levels of electrically neutral atoms held in optical traps
Qubit based on nitrogen-vacancy defect centers in diamond lattice
Qubit encoded in the spin state of an electron or nucleus in a semiconductor
Superconducting qubit using Josephson junctions cooled to millikelvin temperatures
Qubit based on topological states of matter resistant to local perturbations
Qubit encoded in electronic states of trapped atomic ions
Area within facility boundary with access control
Area for which emergency planning is conducted
Area under control of reactor operator with restricted access
Area for controlling food and water contamination
Area with low population density surrounding exclusion area
Area with potential for radiation exposure but lower than controlled
Transuranic element, alpha emitter. Used in smoke detectors.
Radioactive lead isotope in uranium decay series. Used as environmental tracer for sedimentation dating.
Primordial radionuclide, naturally occurring in all potassium. Major contributor to internal dose from dietary intake.
Primordial radionuclide, parent of the thorium decay series. Found in soil, rocks, and building materials.
Fissile uranium isotope used in nuclear reactors and weapons.
Most abundant uranium isotope, primordial radionuclide. Parent of the uranium decay series.
Schema-level enum for radionuclides in environmental_health
Reaction proceeds only from left to right and cannot be reversed
Reaction proceeds only from right to left and cannot be reversed
Reaction proceeds from left to right (forward direction)
Reaction proceeds from right to left (reverse direction)
Concerted cyclic electron reorganization
Different orders for different reactants
Rate proportional to concentration squared
Reaction with oxygen producing heat and light
Double replacement reaction (AB + CD → AD + CB)
Loss of electrons or increase in oxidation state
Gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state
Single replacement reaction (A + BC → AC + B)
Operator actions for emergency conditions
Direct operator control of reactor systems
Safety system monitoring for trip conditions
automatic reactor trip on unsafe conditions
Procedures for beyond design basis accidents
Evolutionary improvements to Generation III
Next generation advanced reactor concepts
sustainability, economics, safety, proliferation resistance
Fast reactors with no neutron moderation
Low energy neutrons in thermal equilibrium
Reactor subcritical and cooled below operating temperature
Reactor achieving self-sustaining chain reaction
Reactor operating at rated thermal power
Reactor subcritical but at operating temperature
Reactor adjusting power to match electrical demand
Reactor increasing power toward full power operation
Rapid automatic shutdown due to safety system actuation
Reactor transitioning from shutdown to power operation
containment structure, isolation systems
maintain reactor subcritical when required
Ability to shut down and maintain shutdown
Traditional large-scale commercial reactors
Very small reactors for remote applications
Small reactors for research and isotope production
Graphite moderated, CO2 gas cooled reactor
Light water reactor where water boils directly in core
Fast neutron reactor that breeds fissile material
Early gas-cooled reactor design (Magnox type)
Fast reactor cooled by liquid lead or lead-bismuth
Graphite moderated, light water cooled reactor (RBMK type)
Reactor using molten salt as coolant and/or fuel
Heavy water moderated and cooled reactor (CANDU type)
Most common reactor type using light water under pressure
Reactor using supercritical water as coolant
Small reactors designed for modular construction
Generation IV reactor for very high temperature applications
Recruitment from educational institutions
Candidates applying through company website
Candidates referred by current employees
Candidates from online job posting sites
Recruitment through professional associations
Candidates sourced through recruitment firms
Candidates sourced through social media platforms
The RefSeq record has been predicted by genome sequence analysis, but it is not yet supported by experimental evidence. The record may be partially supported by homology data.
The RefSeq record is provided by the NCBI Genome Annotation pipeline and is not subject to individual review or revision between annotation runs.
The RefSeq record has not yet been subject to individual review, and some aspect of the RefSeq record is predicted.
The RefSeq record has not yet been subject to individual review. The initial sequence-to-gene association has been established by outside collaborators or NCBI staff.
The RefSeq record has been reviewed by NCBI staff or by a collaborator. The NCBI review process includes assessing available sequence data and the literature. Some RefSeq records may incorporate expanded sequence and annotation information.
The RefSeq record has undergone an initial review to provide the preferred sequence standard. The record has not yet been subject to final review at which time additional functional information may be provided.
The RefSeq record is provided to represent a collection of whole genome shotgun sequences. These records are not subject to individual review or revisions between genome updates.
Requirements for groundwater and aquifer protection
Restrictions based on water usage rights
IAEA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements
Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material
International Convention for Suppression of Nuclear Terrorism
International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
Joint Convention on Radioactive Waste Safety
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and Radioactive Waste
Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy
Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage
Organism that can tolerate very small amounts of oxygen
Occurs at the same time as the reference time point
Measurement of variations in the gravitational field from airborne or satellite platforms
Imagery acquired in many narrow, contiguous spectral bands providing detailed spectral information
Active remote sensing data acquired by measuring the time delay of reflected laser pulses to determine distances and surface topography
Measurement of variations in the magnetic field from airborne or satellite platforms
Passive measurement of naturally emitted microwave radiation from the Earth's surface and atmosphere
Imagery acquired in a limited number of discrete spectral bands across the electromagnetic spectrum
The science of making measurements from photographs or imagery, typically to produce 3D models or maps
Radar imagery produced by synthesizing a large antenna aperture from a moving platform to achieve high spatial resolution
Imagery acquired in the thermal infrared portion of the spectrum, measuring emitted thermal radiation
A manned aircraft carrying remote sensing instruments
A stationary or mobile ground-based platform carrying remote sensing instruments
An artificial satellite orbiting Earth carrying remote sensing instruments
A watercraft carrying remote sensing instruments for maritime or coastal observation
An unmanned aerial vehicle or drone carrying remote sensing instruments
Schema-level enum for remote_sensing in earth_science
Artificial intelligence and machine learning
Neutron source-driven subcritical system
research, training, transmutation studies
fuel in pressurized or unpressurized tank
Laboratory analysis of rock core samples to determine petrophysical and geomechanical properties
porosity, permeability, saturation, mechanical strength
Statistical methods for spatial interpolation and uncertainty quantification of reservoir properties
kriging, sequential Gaussian simulation, multiple-point statistics
Analysis of pressure changes over time during well operations to infer reservoir characteristics
Calibration of reservoir simulation models by matching historical production data
Interpretation of seismic survey data to map subsurface geological structures and properties
Injection and monitoring of chemical or radioactive tracers to characterize fluid flow paths
flow path identification, residence time distribution
Analysis of pressure and flow rate data from well tests to determine reservoir properties
permeability, skin factor, reservoir boundaries
Measurement of formation properties using instruments lowered into a wellbore on a wireline
gamma ray, resistivity, neutron, density, sonic
Robotic arm with flexible channels for disposable tip handling and liquid handling
Robotic arm used for high-throughput pipetting with 96 or 384 channels
Robotic arm used to pick and transfer objects within the working area, equipped with dedicated gripper fingers
Robotic arm with a single probe for individual sample handling
Schema-level enum for roles in chemistry
Sample collected using blasting techniques
Sample collected via camera sled or camera tow
Sample collected using coring techniques
Sample collected using camera-mounted corer
Sample collected using a free-fall corer
Sample collected using a hand-held corer
Sample collected using a kastenlot corer
Sample collected using a side saddle corer
Sample collected using a submersible-mounted corer
Sample collected using a trigger weight corer
Sample collected using a vibrating corer
Sample collected using a chain bag dredge
Sample collected using experimental apparatus
Sample collected using Human-Occupied Vehicle grab
Sample collected using Remotely Operated Vehicle grab
Sample collected manually using a hammer
Fan-shaped deposit formed by flowing water
Dry terrain with eroded sedimentary rocks
Amphitheater-like valley carved by glacial erosion
Zone between continental shelf and deep ocean
Narrow strip of land connecting two larger areas
Landscape formed by limestone dissolution
Narrow horizontal surface projecting from rock
Area where Earth's crust is pulling apart
Material from core catcher treated as separate section
Half-cylindrical products of along-axis split of a whole round
Material occurring between unambiguous breaks in recovery
Quarter-cylindrical products of along-axis split of a half round
Half-cylindrical products from section splits
Rectangular prism of material taken from a core with one dimension shorter
Mated portion of larger piece for curatorial management
Long rectangular prism of material for continuous measurement
Cylindrical segments of core or core section material
A CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth) cast sample
Loose, coarse, unconsolidated material suspended in drilling fluid
A group of rocks collected by dragging a dredge along the seafloor
A synthetic material used during an experiment
Mechanically collected sample not necessarily representative
Hole cavity and walls surrounding that cavity
Single unit including rock samples or biological specimens
Core positioned identically to subsurface arrangement
Sample not fitting existing designations
A sample created from pulverizing a rock to powder
A sample of a section of the near-surface Earth, generally in the critical zone
Safety systems essential to emergency reactor shutdown and core cooling
reactor protection system, emergency core cooling
Systems not required for nuclear safety functions
Systems important to safety but not classified as Class 1E
Systems with risk significance but not safety-related
Operation to read barcode labels on samples or containers
Operation to separate components of a sample using centrifugal force
Operation to cool samples to a specified temperature
Operation to detect signals from samples (absorbance, fluorescence, luminescence)
Operation to extract specific components from a sample
Operation to heat samples to a specified temperature
Operation to maintain samples at controlled environmental conditions over time
Operation to measure a property or characteristic of a sample
Operation to move plates between different locations or devices
Operation to separate components of a sample mixture
Operation to shake samples for mixing or agitation
Operation to cycle samples through different temperatures for PCR or similar processes
Operation to wash samples or plates to remove unwanted material
Schedules tasks to meet specified deadlines
Adapts scheduling decisions in real-time based on system state
Schedules tasks based on assigned priority levels
Schedules tasks considering available resources and constraints
Makes decisions based on known constraints requiring upfront planning
The bottom portion of a specimen per orientation criteria
The top portion of a specimen per orientation criteria
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) compound semiconductor for high-frequency applications
Gallium nitride (GaN) wide-bandgap semiconductor for power electronics and LEDs
Silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloy semiconductor for heterojunction bipolar transistors
Schema-level enum for sentiment_analysis in data_science
Deoxyribonucleic acid alphabet (A, T, G, C)
Extended protein with ambiguity codes and rare AAs
Protein/amino acid alphabet (20 standard AAs)
Compressed Reference-oriented Alignment Map
Long-read sequencing (PacBio, Oxford Nanopore)
Illumina 1.3+ (PHRED+64, ASCII offset 64)
Illumina 1.5+ (PHRED+64, special handling for 0-2)
Illumina 1.8+ (PHRED+33, modern standard)
Sanger/Phred+33 (PHRED scores, ASCII offset 33)
Solexa+64 (Solexa scores, ASCII offset 64)
Phred quality 0 (100% error probability)
Phred quality 10 (10% error probability)
Phred quality 30 (0.1% error probability)
Phred quality 40 (0.01% error probability)
Phred quality 50 (0.001% error probability)
Phred quality 60 (0.0001% error probability)
Minus/reverse/antisense strand (3' to 5')
An amino acid sequence, as would be found in an FAA file.
A nucleic acid sequence, as found in an FNA file.
CAncer Personalized Profiling by deep Sequencing
Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease
Enzymatic methyl-seq (EM-seq) or similar error-reduced bisulfite sequencing
Jumping library sequencing for structural variants
Next generation targeted sequencing panel
Nucleosome Occupancy and Methylome Sequencing
Semiconductor/Ion semiconductor sequencing
Sequencing by avidity (Element Biosciences)
Single molecule real-time sequencing (PacBio)
Automated systems for monitoring and ensuring product quality during manufacturing
Automated visual inspection of manufactured parts using computer vision and image analysis
Virtual replica of a physical asset or process used for simulation and optimization
Network of interconnected sensors and devices in industrial settings for data collection and control
Using data analytics and machine learning to predict equipment failures before they occur
Computer-based simulation of manufacturing processes for design and optimization
Automated assembly of components using programmable robotic systems
Data-driven optimization of supply chain logistics and inventory management
Early development stage with basic functionality, may be unstable
Feature-complete but may contain bugs, ready for testing
No longer recommended for use, superseded by newer versions
Older version still in use but no longer actively developed
Well-established with extensive usage and proven track record
Stable version ready for final testing before release
Production-ready with proven stability and reliability
Tissue from next-generation cancer models
Collaborative sourcing with other organizations
Use of two suppliers for balance of risk and efficiency
Bringing previously outsourced activities internal
Use of multiple suppliers for risk mitigation
External sourcing of non-core activities
Deliberate use of one supplier for strategic reasons
Internal production instead of external sourcing
Standard labels for spam/ham email classification
No appropriate ontology term found for ham concept
No appropriate ontology term found for spam concept
Address geocoded to rooftop or parcel level. Standard for linking patient data to environmental exposures.
Geographic area defined by air pollution transport patterns. May cross administrative boundaries.
Circular buffer of 1 kilometer around a point.
Circular buffer of 500 meters around a point. Common for traffic-related air pollution exposure.
Circular buffer of 5 kilometers around a point.
US Census block, the smallest geographic unit. Typically contains 600-3000 people.
US Census block group, a cluster of blocks. Standard unit for many socioeconomic and environmental datasets.
US Census tract, designed to be relatively homogeneous in population characteristics. Common for health research.
County or parish level. Used for many public health surveillance systems and vital statistics.
User-defined geographic area. Requires specification of boundary source.
12 kilometer resolution grid. Standard CMAQ model output resolution.
1 kilometer resolution grid. Common for satellite-derived and modeled air quality data.
36 kilometer resolution grid. Coarse model output.
4 kilometer resolution grid. Common for weather and some air quality models.
12-digit Hydrologic Unit Code subwatershed. Finest watershed unit.
8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code watershed. Medium-sized watershed for water quality assessment.
Exact geographic coordinates. Highest spatial precision but may require privacy protection measures.
State or territory level. Coarsest common administrative unit.
Census Bureau generalization of ZIP codes with stable boundaries. Preferred over ZIP codes for research.
US Postal Service ZIP code. Common in administrative health data but boundaries change and may cross jurisdictions.
High-level types of activities through which specimens are generated, either by collection from source or derivation from existing specimens.
Rapid freezing to preserve molecular integrity
Tissue fixed with formalin without paraffin embedding
Freshly collected specimen without preservation
Tissue embedded in optimal cutting temperature compound
Tissue fixed using PAXgene tissue system
Storage in reagent that stabilizes and protects cellular RNA
Specimen frozen while maintaining cell viability
Securing a specimen in place for examination
Processing activity that preserves a specimen for storage
Methods used for determining specimen quality
Fluorescent dye assay for quantifying double-stranded DNA
Types of measurements that reflect specimen quality or suitability for use
Ratio of absorbance at 260nm to 280nm wavelength for nucleic acid purity
Ratio of 28S to 16S ribosomal RNA for RNA integrity
Mature draft ready for implementation testing
Well-established standard with wide adoption
A state of matter formed at extremely low temperatures where particles occupy the same quantum state
A superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles at extremely low temperatures
An extremely hot phase where quarks and gluons are not confined
A state where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist
A spatially ordered material with superfluid properties
Was absent in the patient at observation time
Was present in the patient at observation time
Represented by "-" in a GFF file; the strand is negative wrt the landmark.
Represented by "+" in a GFF file; the strand is positive with relation to the landmark.
Represented by "?" in a GFF file. The strandedness is relevant but unknown.
Represented by "." in a GFF file; the feature is not stranded.
Product and market growth strategy framework
market penetration, development, diversification
Performance measurement from multiple perspectives
financial, customer, internal process, learning
Creating uncontested market space strategy
Identification and development of core competencies
Industry competitiveness analysis framework
industry analysis and strategy formulation
competitive rivalry, supplier power, buyer power, substitutes, barriers
Multiple future scenario development and planning
Visual representation of competitive factors
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats analysis
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats
competitive advantage source identification
Methane gas adsorbed in coal seams that can be extracted as an energy resource
Engineered subsurface reservoir created by hydraulic stimulation of hot dry rock for geothermal energy
Natural subsurface reservoir containing hot water or steam suitable for geothermal energy extraction
Deep crystalline basement rock with high temperature but low natural permeability, targeted for enhanced geothermal systems
Subsurface formation containing natural gas trapped in porous or fractured rock
Large-scale geological depression filled with sedimentary rocks that may contain energy resources
A zone within the earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another
An impermeable rock layer overlying a reservoir that prevents upward migration of fluids
A stratum of coal within a sedimentary rock sequence
A zone of fracturing and deformation along a geological fault
Bedrock containing natural fractures that may serve as pathways for fluid flow
A porous and permeable rock formation capable of storing and transmitting fluids such as oil, gas, or water
Loose, uncemented sedimentary material such as gravel, sand, silt, or clay
The mass of a material divided by its total volume, including pore spaces
A measure of the stiffness of a material, defined as the ratio of stress to strain
The fraction of pore space occupied by a specific fluid phase
The rate of temperature increase with depth in the Earth's subsurface
A measure of the ease with which water can move through a porous medium under a hydraulic gradient
The pressure of fluids within the pore spaces of rock or sediment
The speed at which seismic waves propagate through a subsurface material
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of material by one degree
The rate at which heat is transferred through a material per unit area per unit temperature gradient
Capture of CO2 from industrial sources and injection into deep geological formations for permanent storage
Storage of compressed air in underground caverns for later electricity generation
Underground storage of hydrogen gas in geological formations such as salt caverns or depleted reservoirs
salt caverns, depleted gas fields, aquifers
Underground storage of natural gas in geological formations for seasonal demand management
depleted reservoirs, aquifers, salt caverns
Deep geological repository for permanent disposal of high-level nuclear waste
Storage of thermal energy in subsurface formations for heating and cooling applications
aquifer thermal energy storage, borehole thermal energy storage
Joint planning and forecasting relationship
Supplier owns inventory until consumption
Investment in supplier capability development
Ongoing relationship with proven suppliers
Collaborative long-term strategic relationship
Arms-length, price-focused supplier relationship
Partnership-based collaborative supply chain
Technology-enabled and data-driven supply chain
Internationally distributed supply chain
Waste elimination and efficiency-focused supply chain
Geographically concentrated supply chain
Environmentally and socially responsible supply chain
Synthesis using high temperature aqueous solutions
Compacting and forming solid mass by heat/pressure
Synthesis using non-aqueous solvents at high temperature/pressure
Synthesis from solution through gel formation
Assessment of the potential for tailings to generate acid drainage through sulfide oxidation
acid-base accounting, NAG test, kinetic testing
Classification of environmental risk based on contaminant mobility, toxicity, and exposure pathways
TCLP, WET, environmental impact assessment
Assessment of the mechanical and physical stability of tailing storage facilities
shear strength, consolidation, liquefaction potential
Quantitative analysis of metal and element concentrations in tailing material
Determination of mineral phases present in tailing material using diffraction and spectroscopic methods
Measurement of water content in tailing material affecting stability and handling
Technology concept and/or application formulated
Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof of concept
Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment
Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environment
System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment
System prototype demonstration in an operational environment
Actual system completed and qualified through test and demonstration
Actual system proven through successful mission operations
Arithmetic mean of daily values over a calendar year. Standard for EPA PM2.5 annual standard.
Mean during cooling season (typically May-Sep in Northern Hemisphere). Relevant for heat exposure and ozone.
Sum of exposure values over a defined period, representing total dose.
Maximum value recorded during a 24-hour period.
Maximum of rolling 8-hour averages within a day. Standard metric for ozone exposure assessment.
Arithmetic mean of measurements over a 24-hour period. Standard for many EPA air quality standards.
Minimum value recorded during a 24-hour period.
Count of days exceeding a specified threshold value within a period.
Mean during heating season (typically Oct-Mar in Northern Hemisphere). Relevant for indoor air quality.
Arithmetic mean of measurements within a 1-hour window.
Single point-in-time measurement without temporal aggregation.
Arithmetic mean of daily values over a calendar month.
Rolling average over a specified window (e.g., 7-day moving average). Smooths short-term variability.
Specified percentile of distribution (e.g., 98th percentile of daily values). Captures extreme exposure events.
Arithmetic mean of daily values over a 3-month period.
Mean exposure during a pregnancy trimester. Used in birth outcomes research.
Arithmetic mean of daily values over a 7-day period.
Moderate thermal conductivity (1-100 W/m·K)
Thermal cycler with integrated automation for high-throughput applications
Thermal cycler for digital PCR applications
Thermal cycler optimized for rapid cycling
Thermal cycler capable of running temperature gradients across the block
Thermal cycler designed for in situ PCR applications
Thermal cycler with real-time fluorescence detection
Standard thermal cycler for endpoint PCR
High-temperature step to separate DNA strands
Temperature-optimized step for polymerase activity
Initial high-temperature step to denature template DNA
Gradual temperature increase for melt curve analysis
Australian Eastern Daylight Time (UTC+11)
Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)
Tissue embedded in medium (paraffin, OCT, etc.)
Burnt umber (heated iron/manganese oxide)
Lead white (Basic lead carbonate) - toxic
Ultramarine blue (originally lapis lazuli)
Required training for regulatory compliance
Training in multiple roles or departments
Training on diversity, equity, and inclusion
Management and leadership capability building
Orientation and integration training for new hires
Communication and interpersonal skills training
communication, teamwork, problem-solving
Job-specific technical competency development
TRU waste with surface dose rate ≤200 mrem/hr
TRU waste with surface dose rate >200 mrem/hr
geological repository with additional shielding
TRU waste also containing hazardous chemical components
both radiological and chemical hazard regulations
may require chemical treatment before disposal
Organism that uses carbon monoxide as a source of carbon and energy
Autotroph that obtains energy from inorganic compounds
Organism that uses inorganic compounds as electron donors
Organism that obtains energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds
Organism that uses organic compounds as both carbon and energy source
Relating to organisms that produce organic matter through chemosynthesis
Organism that obtains energy from chemical compounds
Organism that thrives in nutrient-rich environments
Organism capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen
Organism that can switch between different metabolic modes
Autotroph that uses inorganic compounds as electron donors
Heterotroph that uses inorganic compounds as electron donors
Organism that uses inorganic substrates as electron donors
Organism that uses methane as carbon and energy source
Organism that uses single-carbon compounds
Organism that can use both autotrophic and heterotrophic methods
Organism restricted to a particular metabolic mode
Organism that uses organic compounds as carbon source
Organism that uses organic compounds as electron donors
Photoautotroph that uses inorganic electron donors
Organism that uses light energy and inorganic electron donors
Relating to organisms that produce organic matter through photosynthesis
Malignant neoplasm that has spread from primary site to secondary (metastatic) site.
Invasive malignant neoplasm at primary site. Cancer that has invaded through basement membrane.
Malignant, uncertain whether primary or metastatic
Malignant neoplasm where it is uncertain if this is the primary site or a metastatic site.
Neoplasm with borderline malignancy or uncertain behavior. May recur but typically does not metastasize.
Tumor cells closely resemble normal cells. Typically slow-growing with better prognosis.
Tumor cells show moderate resemblance to normal cells. Intermediate behavior.
Tumor cells show little resemblance to normal cells. More aggressive with poorer prognosis.
Tumor cells bear no resemblance to normal cells. Most aggressive with poorest prognosis.
Histological grade has not been assessed or is not applicable.
Lymphoma/leukemia of natural killer cell origin.
Lymphoma/leukemia of neither T-cell nor B-cell origin.
Undifferentiated carcinoma with large cells.
Tumor arising from neuroendocrine cells.
Malignant neoplasms of bone and articular cartilage (C40-C41)
Malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri (C53)
Malignant neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00-C14)
Malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts (C22)
Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung (C34)
Malignant neoplasms of lymph nodes (C77)
Melanoma and other malignant neoplasms of skin (C43-C44)
Malignant neoplasms of mesothelial and soft tissues (C45-C49)
Malignant neoplasm of thyroid gland (C73)
Malignant neoplasm of unknown primary site (C80)
Discarded electronic devices and components containing recoverable precious and critical metals
gold, silver, platinum, copper, rare earth elements
Saline water produced during oil and gas extraction containing dissolved minerals including lithium and boron
Gypsum byproduct from phosphoric acid production containing trace radioactive elements and rare earth elements
calcium sulfate dihydrate with trace REE
Alkaline residue generated during alumina extraction from bauxite ore via the Bayer process
iron oxides, alumina, silica, rare earth elements
Used industrial catalysts containing recoverable platinum group metals and other valuable elements
petroleum refining, chemical manufacturing
Rock removed during mining that does not contain sufficient mineral of interest for processing
Data is not updated after initial publication. Historical or archival datasets.
Data is updated once per quarter (every three months).
High enrichment for research and naval reactors
Natural uranium enrichment (0.711% U-235)
Vaccination given as needed based on exposure risk or other factors
A vaccination given only once in a lifetime
Vaccination occurring at regular intervals
Vaccination occurring seasonally (e.g., for influenza)
A vaccination regimen requiring only one dose
A vaccine produced using recombinant DNA technology
A vaccine containing purified pieces of the pathogen
A vaccine made from a toxin that has been made harmless
A vaccine using a modified virus as a delivery system
Suppliers meeting qualification requirements
Suppliers with proven performance and preferred status
Only available supplier for specific requirement
Suppliers for one-time or spot purchases
Critical suppliers with strategic importance
Suppliers for routine, low-risk purchases
Visit from clinical trial case report form
Visit derived through natural language processing
The person is presumed to be alive based on available information
The person is presumed to be deceased based on available information
Release from regulatory control as ordinary waste
Storage for radioactive decay to exempt levels
Deep underground disposal in stable geological formations
Disposal in engineered near-surface facilities
Nuclear transformation to shorter-lived or stable isotopes
accelerator-driven systems or fast reactors
Large-scale interim storage away from reactor sites
Facility for cleaning contaminated materials
Storage for waste exceeding Class C limits
Deep geological repository for high-level waste
Near-surface disposal for low-level waste
Water-filled pool for cooling spent fuel
Deep geological repository for TRU waste
Facility for processing and conditioning waste
incineration, compaction, solidification
Radionuclides with very short half-lives
medical isotopes, some activation products
Waste generating significant heat requiring thermal management
Waste generating low but measurable heat
Waste from dismantling nuclear facilities
Waste from fuel fabrication, enrichment, and reprocessing
Waste from industrial use of radioactive materials
Waste from nuclear medicine and radiotherapy
short-lived medical isotopes, sealed sources
Waste from commercial nuclear power generation
spent fuel, operational waste, decommissioning waste
significant volumes from past activities
Waste from research reactors and laboratories
activation products, contaminated materials
Waste from uranium extraction and processing
The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by biological organisms during the decomposition of organic matter
The amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic and inorganic matter in water
The presence and concentration of coliform bacteria as indicators of microbial contamination
The ability of water to conduct an electrical current, related to the concentration of dissolved ions
The concentration of molecular oxygen dissolved in water
The concentration of heavy metals in water, including lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic
A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration indicating the acidity or alkalinity of water
The total concentration of dissolved inorganic and organic substances in water
A measure of the degree to which water loses its transparency due to suspended particulates
Water released by the melting of glacial ice, ice sheets, or ice shelves
Water brought to the surface during oil, gas, or geothermal extraction operations
Wastewater that has been treated to a level suitable for beneficial reuse
Water from the ocean or sea with characteristic salinity levels
Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence
Water used for irrigation of crops and agricultural land
Water used for farming aquatic organisms including fish, shellfish, and plants
Water allocated to maintain or restore ecological health of rivers, wetlands, and other water-dependent ecosystems
Water used for hydroelectric power generation
Water used for cooling processes in industrial facilities
Water used for livestock watering, feedlots, and dairy operations
Water used in mining operations for extraction, processing, and dust suppression
Water supplied for domestic, commercial, and public use by a municipal system
Water used in thermoelectric power generation for steam production and cooling
A well that primarily extracts natural gas
A well used to inject fluids into underground formations
A well that primarily extracts crude oil
A well that extracts water for various purposes
Work performed at client or field locations
Work performed away from company facilities
Terminate workflow immediately upon encountering an error
Switch to backup resource or alternative execution path
Notify operator and pause workflow for intervention
Skip the failed operation and continue with the workflow
Real-time orchestration that adapts to changing conditions and events
Orchestration triggered by specific events in the system
Combination of static planning with dynamic replanning capabilities
Orchestration that enables concurrent execution of independent tasks
Pre-planned orchestration based on known constraints and fixed workflow
conformational sorting, resolution improvement
expectation maximization, gradient descent
Cell line-derived xenograft - from established cell lines
Safety green - safety, first aid, emergency egress
first aid, safety equipment, emergency exits
Safety brown - no special hazard (background)
Safety yellow - caution, physical hazards
caution signs, physical hazards, stumbling
Safety orange - warning of dangerous parts
Metabolites of organophosphate pesticides
A landscape formed from dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum, characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage
Vent in Earth's crust through which lava erupts
Fluvisols - soils developed from recent alluvial deposits
Hot saline water from geothermal systems containing dissolved lithium, rare earth elements, and other minerals
Uncontrolled fire in vegetated areas producing smoke containing particulate matter and hazardous air pollutants. Major source of PM2.5 exposure.
respiratory illness, cardiovascular events, mental health
Gene Ontology annotation based on Enzyme Commission mapping
Classical two-hybrid system using transcriptional activity
Embryonic day 0.5 - one-cell embryo stage. Corresponds to Theiler stage 01.
Embryonic stage defined by a one-cell embryo (fertilised egg) with zona pellucida present. Embryonic age 0-0.9 dpc (days post coitum).
Embryonic cleavage stage defined by a dividing 2-4 cells egg. Embryonic age 1 dpc.
Part of Theiler stage 02 - dividing egg with 4 cells. Embryonic age approximately 1 dpc.
Embryonic cleavage stage defined by a dividing 4-16 cells egg, early to fully compacted morula. Embryonic age 2 dpc.
Part of early morula stage - dividing egg with 8 cells. Embryonic age approximately 2 dpc.
Streptomyces coelicolor (actinobacteria) - Proteome: UP000001973
Candidula unifasciata - Proteome: UP000678393
Trichoplax adhaerens (placozoan) - Proteome: UP000009022
Vaccinia virus (strain Western Reserve) (VACV strain WR) - Proteome: UP000000344
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain 17) (Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1)) - Proteome: UP000009294
Varicella-zoster virus (Human herpesvirus 3) strain Dumas
Varicella-zoster virus (Human herpesvirus 3) strain Dumas (HHV-3 strain Dumas) - Proteome: UP000002602
Human cytomegalovirus (strain AD169) (Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5)) - Proteome: UP000008992
Candidatus Arthromitus sp. SFB-rat-Yit - Proteome: UP000001273
Influenza A virus (A/California/VRDL364/2009
Influenza A virus (A/California/VRDL364/2009(mixed))
Influenza A virus (A/California/VRDL364/2009 (Influenza A virus (A/California/VRDL364/2009(mixed))) - Proteome: UP000109975
Klebsormidium nitens (Green alga) - Proteome: UP000054558
Candidatus Paraburkholderia kirkii UZHbot1
Candidatus Paraburkholderia kirkii UZHbot1 - Proteome: UP000003511
Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 - Proteome: UP000002949
Synechocystis sp. (cyanobacteria) - Proteome: UP000001425
Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus
Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus - Proteome: UP000243697
Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (Domesticated barley) - Proteome: UP000011116
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae (strain HS11286)
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae (strain HS11286) - Proteome: UP000007841
Actinomyces massiliensis F0489 - Proteome: UP000002941
Candida orthopsilosis (strain 90-125) (Co 90-125)
Candida orthopsilosis (strain 90-125) (Co 90-125) - Proteome: UP000005018
Enterococcus asini ATCC 700915 - Proteome: UP000013777
Gloeocapsa sp. PCC 7428 - Proteome: UP000010476
Cladophialophora psammophila CBS 110553 - Proteome: UP000019471
Rostratula benghalensis - Proteome: UP000545435
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I - Proteome: UP000108043
Fictibacillus macauensis ZFHKF-1 - Proteome: UP000004080
Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O (FMDV)
Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O (FMDV) (FMDV) - Proteome: UP000008765
Lichtheimia corymbifera JMRC:FSU:9682 - Proteome: UP000027586
Duck hepatitis B virus - Proteome: UP000137229
Feline coronavirus - Proteome: UP000141821
Helicosporidium sp. ATCC 50920 - Proteome: UP000026042
Perkinsela sp. CCAP 1560/4 - Proteome: UP000036983
Anser brachyrhynchus - Proteome: UP000694426
secondary endosymbiont of Heteropsylla cubana
secondary endosymbiont of Heteropsylla cubana - Proteome: UP000003937
Enterococcus gallinarum - Proteome: UP000254807
Monodelphis domestica (Gray short-tailed opossum) - Proteome: UP000002280
Kuraishia capsulata CBS 1993 - Proteome: UP000019384
Brevundimonas abyssalis TAR-001 - Proteome: UP000016569
Bacillus anthracis - Proteome: UP000000594
Microcaecilia unicolor - Proteome: UP000515156
Paraglomus occultum - Proteome: UP000789572
Chrysochromulina tobinii - Proteome: UP000037460
Deinococcus sp. RL - Proteome: UP000027898
Bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 - Proteome: UP000121539
[Torrubiella] hemipterigena - Proteome: UP000039046
Saimiriine betaherpesvirus 4 - Proteome: UP000097892
Brachypodium distachyon (Purple false brome) - Proteome: UP000008810
Symbiodinium necroappetens - Proteome: UP000601435
Lambdina fiscellaria nucleopolyhedrovirus
Lambdina fiscellaria nucleopolyhedrovirus - Proteome: UP000201190
Phytophthora ramorum (Sudden oak death agent) - Proteome: UP000005238
Melipona quadrifasciata - Proteome: UP000053105
Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a (strain ATCC BAA-679 / EGD-e)
Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a (strain ATCC BAA-679 / EGD-e) - Proteome: UP000000817
Carnegiea gigantea - Proteome: UP001153076
Bordetella sp. N - Proteome: UP000064621
Pyrobaculum aerophilum (crenarchaea) - Proteome: UP000002439
Petrolisthes manimaculis - Proteome: UP001292094
Giardia intestinalis (giardia) - Proteome: UP000001548
Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927 (excavate) - Proteome: UP000008524
Chlamydiales bacterium SCGC AG-110-P3 - Proteome: UP000196763
Methanosarcina acetivorans (euryarchaea) - Proteome: UP000002487
Leptospira interrogans (spirochaetes bacteria) - Proteome: UP000001408
Streptomyces clavuligerus - Proteome: UP000002357
Fusobacterium nucleatum (strain ATCC 25586)
Fusobacterium nucleatum (strain ATCC 25586) (F. nucleatum ATCC 25586) - Proteome: UP000241660
Mikania micrantha - Proteome: UP000326396
Samia ricini nucleopolyhedrovirus - Proteome: UP001226138
Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni serotype O:2 (strain ATCC 700819 / NCTC 11168)
Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni serotype O:2 (strain ATCC 700819 / NCTC 11168) - Proteome: UP000000799
Meiothermus sp. QL-1 - Proteome: UP000255346
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (gammaproteobacteria) - Proteome: UP000002438
Shewanella oneidensis (shewanella) - Proteome: UP000008186
Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype D (Filobasidiella neoformans)
Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype D (Filobasidiella neoformans) (C. neoformans) - Proteome: UP000002149
Lujinxingia litoralis - Proteome: UP000249169
East African cassava mosaic Zanzibar virus
East African cassava mosaic Zanzibar virus - Proteome: UP000201107
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 (b subtilis) - Proteome: UP000001570
Aquifex aeolicus (aquaficae bacteria) - Proteome: UP000000798
Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens (alphaproteobacteria) - Proteome: UP000002526
Enterococcus faecalis (strain ATCC 700802 / V583)
Enterococcus faecalis (strain ATCC 700802 / V583) - Proteome: UP000001415
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (bacteroidetes bacteria) - Proteome: UP000001414
Bacillus cereus (bacillus cereus) - Proteome: UP000001417
Emericella nidulans (ascomycote fungus) - Proteome: UP000000560
Coxiella burnetii (gammaproteobacteria) - Proteome: UP000002671
Candida albicans (Yeast) - Proteome: UP000000559
Rhodopirellula baltica (planctomycetes bacteria) - Proteome: UP000001025
Deinococcus radiodurans (deinococcus bacteria) - Proteome: UP000002524
Geobacter sulfurreducens (deltaproteobacteria) - Proteome: UP000000577
Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (methanococci archaea) - Proteome: UP000000805
Mycoplasma genitalium (mollicutes bacteria) - Proteome: UP000000807
Thermotoga maritima (thermotogae bacteria) - Proteome: UP000008183
Vibrio cholerae (cholera) - Proteome: UP000000584
Atlantisia rogersi - Proteome: UP000518911
Potamilus streckersoni - Proteome: UP001195483
Perkinsus sp. BL_2016 - Proteome: UP000298064
Gloeobacter violaceus (cyanobacteria) - Proteome: UP000000557
Clytia hemisphaerica - Proteome: UP000594262
Cnemophilus loriae - Proteome: UP000517678
Testudinid alphaherpesvirus 3 - Proteome: UP000100290
Coronavirus BtRt-BetaCoV/GX2018 - Proteome: UP001228689
Buchnera aphidicola (Buchnera aphidicola (Cinara tujafilina)) - Proteome: UP000006811
Rhododendron williamsianum - Proteome: UP000428333
Dimorphilus gyrociliatus - Proteome: UP000549394
Cuscuta australis - Proteome: UP000249390
Xiphorhynchus elegans - Proteome: UP000551443
Candidatus Protofrankia datiscae - Proteome: UP000001549
Halalkalibacterium halodurans (strain ATCC BAA-125 / DSM 18197 / FERM 7344 / JCM 9153 / C-125) (Bacillus halodurans)
Halalkalibacterium halodurans (strain ATCC BAA-125 / DSM 18197 / FERM 7344 / JCM 9153 / C-125) (Bacillus halodurans) - Proteome: UP000001258
Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) - Proteome: UP000000431
Mycoplasma pneumoniae strain ATCC 29342 / M129 / Subtype 1
Mycoplasma pneumoniae strain ATCC 29342 / M129 / Subtype 1 - Proteome: UP000000808
Sulfolobus solfataricus (crenarchaea) - Proteome: UP000001974
Trichonephila inaurata madagascariensis - Proteome: UP000886998
Rhynchosporium graminicola - Proteome: UP000178129
Anolis carolinensis (Green anole (American chameleon)) - Proteome: UP000001646
Debaryomyces hansenii (strain ATCC 36239 / CBS 767 / BCRC 21394 / JCM 1990 / NBRC 0083 / IGC 2968) (Torulaspora hansenii)
Debaryomyces hansenii (strain ATCC 36239 / CBS 767 / BCRC 21394 / JCM 1990 / NBRC 0083 / IGC 2968) (Torulaspora hansenii) - Proteome: UP000000599
Candida glabrata (strain ATCC 2001 / BCRC 20586 / JCM 3761 / NBRC 0622 / NRRL Y-65 / CBS 138) (Nakaseomyces glabratus)
Candida glabrata (strain ATCC 2001 / BCRC 20586 / JCM 3761 / NBRC 0622 / NRRL Y-65 / CBS 138) (Nakaseomyces glabratus) - Proteome: UP000002428
Eremothecium gossypii (Yeast) - Proteome: UP000000591
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h- (Fission yeast) - Proteome: UP000002485
Anser fabalis coronavirus NCN2 - Proteome: UP001251675
Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii (nitrospirae bacteria) - Proteome: UP000000718
Citrobacter koseri (strain ATCC BAA-895 / CDC 4225-83 / SGSC4696)
Citrobacter koseri (strain ATCC BAA-895 / CDC 4225-83 / SGSC4696) - Proteome: UP000008148
Entamoeba histolytica (amoeba) - Proteome: UP000001926
Meyerozyma guilliermondii (strain ATCC 6260 / CBS 566 / DSM 6381 / JCM 1539 / NBRC 10279 / NRRL Y-324) (Candida guilliermondii)
Meyerozyma guilliermondii (strain ATCC 6260 / CBS 566 / DSM 6381 / JCM 1539 / NBRC 10279 / NRRL Y-324) (Candida guilliermondii) - Proteome: UP000001997
Candida tropicalis (strain ATCC MYA-3404 / T1)
Candida tropicalis (strain ATCC MYA-3404 / T1) - Proteome: UP000002037
Human cytomegalovirus (Human herpesvirus 5) strain Merlin
Human cytomegalovirus (Human herpesvirus 5) strain Merlin (HHV-5 Merlin) - Proteome: UP000000938
Pampusana beccarii - Proteome: UP000541332
Vitis vinifera (Grape) - Proteome: UP000009183
Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 (Strain: ATCC 700294 / SF370 / Serotype M1)
Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 (Strain: ATCC 700294 / SF370 / Serotype M1) - Proteome: UP000000750
Clavispora lusitaniae (strain ATCC 42720)
Clavispora lusitaniae (strain ATCC 42720) - Proteome: UP000007703
Tunisian sheep-like pestivirus - Proteome: UP001157330
Marchantia polymorpha (Common liverwort) - Proteome: UP000244005
Phaeosphaeria nodorum (Glume blotch fungus) - Proteome: UP000663193
Physcomitrella patens (Spreading-leaved earth moss) - Proteome: UP000006727
Chloroflexus aurantiacus (chloroflexi bacteria) - Proteome: UP000002008
Coxiella endosymbiont of Amblyomma americanum
Coxiella endosymbiont of Amblyomma americanum - Proteome: UP000059222
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O (isolate ANT70)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O (isolate ANT70) - Proteome: UP000007689
Neosartorya fumigata (ascomycote fungus) - Proteome: UP000002530
Human papillomavirus type 16 - Proteome: UP000009251
Prune dwarf virus - Proteome: UP000202132
Xanthomonas campestris (xanthomonas) - Proteome: UP000001010
Raven circovirus - Proteome: UP000097131
Leishmania major strain Friedlin (leishmania) - Proteome: UP000000542
Thalassiosira pseudonana (Marine diatom) - Proteome: UP000001449
Spinacia oleracea (Spinach) - Proteome: UP001155700
Heracleum sosnowskyi - Proteome: UP001237642
Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (Malaria parasite) - Proteome: UP000001450
Gossypium hirsutum (Upland cotton) - Proteome: UP000189702
Theobroma cacao (Cacao) - Proteome: UP000026915
Neurospora crassa (ascomycote fungus) - Proteome: UP000001805
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 10 - Proteome: UP000203128
Populus trichocarpa (Western balsam poplar) - Proteome: UP000006729
Brassica campestris (Field mustard) - Proteome: UP000011750
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 2 (strain D39 / NCTC 7466)
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 2 (strain D39 / NCTC 7466) - Proteome: UP000001452
Korarchaeum cryptofilum (candidatus archaea) - Proteome: UP000001686
Prunus persica (Peach) - Proteome: UP000006882
Chlorobium ferrooxidans DSM 13031 - Proteome: UP000004162
Lodderomyces elongisporus (strain ATCC 11503 / CBS 2605 / JCM 1781 / NBRC 1676 / NRRL YB-4239) (Saccharomyces elongisporus)
Lodderomyces elongisporus (strain ATCC 11503 / CBS 2605 / JCM 1781 / NBRC 1676 / NRRL YB-4239) (Saccharomyces elongisporus) - Proteome: UP000001996
Glycine max (Soybean) - Proteome: UP000008827
Medicago truncatula (Barrel medic) - Proteome: UP000002051
Pisum sativum (Garden pea) - Proteome: UP001058974
Manihot esculenta (Cassava) - Proteome: UP000091857
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica (Rice) - Proteome: UP000059680
Schizosaccharomyces japonicus (Fission yeast) - Proteome: UP000001744
Trichomonas vaginalis (excavate) - Proteome: UP000001542
Puccinia graminis (Black stem rust fungus) - Proteome: UP000008783
Tropilaelaps mercedesae - Proteome: UP000192247
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25177 / H37Ra)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25177 / H37Ra) - Proteome: UP000001988
Helianthus annuus (Common sunflower) - Proteome: UP000215914
Lactuca sativa (Garden lettuce) - Proteome: UP000235145
Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense SS-5
Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense SS-5 - Proteome: UP000005540
Nitrosopumilus maritimus (thaumarchaea) - Proteome: UP000000792
Clostridium botulinum (firmicutes bacteria) - Proteome: UP000001986
Nelumbo nucifera (Sacred lotus) - Proteome: UP000189703
Leptobrachium leishanense - Proteome: UP000694569
Gracilariopsis chorda - Proteome: UP000247409
Nematostella vectensis (Starlet sea anemone) - Proteome: UP000001593
Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum) - Proteome: UP000000768
Triticum aestivum (Wheat) - Proteome: UP000019116
Babesia sp. Xinjiang - Proteome: UP000193856
Furnarius figulus - Proteome: UP000529852
Ceutorhynchus assimilis - Proteome: UP001152799
Fusobacterium gonidiaformans 3-1-5R - Proteome: UP000002975
Neogobius melanostomus - Proteome: UP000694523
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast)
Paraglaciecola arctica BSs20135 - Proteome: UP000006327
Yarrowia lipolytica (Yeast) - Proteome: UP000001300
Toxoplasma gondii ME49 - Proteome: UP000001529
Catagonus wagneri - Proteome: UP000694540
Juglans regia (English walnut) - Proteome: UP000235220
Dictyoglomus turgidum (dictyoglomi bacteria) - Proteome: UP000007719
Mycosarcoma maydis (Ustilago maydis) (Corn smut fungus) - Proteome: UP000000561
Ancylostoma ceylanicum - Proteome: UP000024635
Pristionchus pacificus (Parasitic nematode) - Proteome: UP000005239
Ruminococcaceae bacterium D16 - Proteome: UP000002801
Human adenovirus 53 - Proteome: UP000463865
Enterococcus casseliflavus EC20 - Proteome: UP000012675
Urocynchramus pylzowi - Proteome: UP000524542
Candida dubliniensis (strain CD36 / ATCC MYA-646 / CBS 7987 / NCPF 3949 / NRRL Y-17841)
Candida dubliniensis (strain CD36 / ATCC MYA-646 / CBS 7987 / NCPF 3949 / NRRL Y-17841) - Proteome: UP000002605
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae (subspecies)
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae (subspecies) - Proteome: UP000255382
Acinetobacter baumannii (strain ATCC 19606 / DSM 30007 / JCM 6841 / CCUG 19606 / CIP 70.34 / NBRC 109757 / NCIMB 12457 / NCTC 12156 / 81)
Acinetobacter baumannii (strain ATCC 19606 / DSM 30007 / JCM 6841 / CCUG 19606 / CIP 70.34 / NBRC 109757 / NCIMB 12457 / NCTC 12156 / 81) (A. baumannii ATCC 19606) - Proteome: UP000498640
Candida parapsilosis (strain CDC 317 / ATCC MYA-4646)
Candida parapsilosis (strain CDC 317 / ATCC MYA-4646) - Proteome: UP000005221
Dictyostelium purpureum (Slime mold) - Proteome: UP000001064
Corynebacterium genitalium ATCC 33030 - Proteome: UP000004208
Variola virus (Smallpox virus) (isolate Human/India/Ind3/1967)
Variola virus (Smallpox virus) (isolate Human/India/Ind3/1967) (VARV) - Proteome: UP000002060
Stentor coeruleus - Proteome: UP000187209
Fibroporia radiculosa - Proteome: UP000006352
Helicobacter bilis ATCC 43879 - Proteome: UP000005085
Shigella flexneri - Proteome: UP000001006
Caenorhabditis briggsae (nematode worm) - Proteome: UP000008549
Yersinia pestis (plague bacteria) - Proteome: UP000000815
Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate H77)
Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate H77) (HCV) - Proteome: UP000000518
Halobacterium salinarum (euryarchaea) - Proteome: UP000000554
Helobdella robusta (Californian leech) - Proteome: UP000015101
Zika virus (ZIKV) - Proteome: UP000054557
Measles virus (Subacute sclerose panencephalitis virus) strain Ichinose-B95a
Measles virus (Subacute sclerose panencephalitis virus) strain Ichinose-B95a (MeV strain Ichinose-B95a) - Proteome: UP000008699
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (White mold) - Proteome: UP000001312
Daphnia pulex (Water flea) - Proteome: UP000000305
Metallosphaera yellowstonensis MK1 - Proteome: UP000003980
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Frog chytrid fungus) - Proteome: UP000007241
Thermococcus kodakaraensis (euryarchaea) - Proteome: UP000000536
Ixodes scapularis (Deer tick) - Proteome: UP000001555
Tribolium castaneum (Red flour beetle) - Proteome: UP000007266
Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)
Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd) (H. influenzae strain ATCC 51907) - Proteome: UP000000579
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) - Proteome: UP000007062
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Purple sea urchin) - Proteome: UP000007110
Malassezia pachydermatis - Proteome: UP000037751
Ciona intestinalis (Transparent sea squirt) - Proteome: UP000008144
Branchiostoma floridae (Florida lancelet (Amphioxus)) - Proteome: UP000001554
Lepisosteus oculatus (Spotted gar) - Proteome: UP000018468
Monosiga brevicollis (sponge) - Proteome: UP000001357
Capsella rubella - Proteome: UP000029121
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (actinobacteria) - Proteome: UP000001584
Escherichia coli O157:H7 - Proteome: UP000000558
Cervus hanglu yarkandensis - Proteome: UP000631465
Scardovia wiggsiae F0424 - Proteome: UP000006415
Candidatus Nitrosarchaeum limnium BG20 - Proteome: UP000014065
Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter pylori) strain ATCC 700392 / 26695
Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter pylori) strain ATCC 700392 / 26695 (H. pylori) - Proteome: UP000000429
Leptolyngbyaceae cyanobacterium JSC-12 - Proteome: UP000001332
Salmonella phage Vi06 - Proteome: UP000000335
Ardenticatena maritima - Proteome: UP000037784
Afipia broomeae ATCC 49717 - Proteome: UP000001096
Odontophorus gujanensis - Proteome: UP000522663
Capnocytophaga sp. oral taxon 338 str. F0234
Capnocytophaga sp. oral taxon 338 str. F0234 - Proteome: UP000003023
Phyllostomus discolor - Proteome: UP000504628
Dendrobium catenatum - Proteome: UP000233837
Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Duckbill platypus) - Proteome: UP000002279
Hepatitis B virus genotype C subtype ayr (isolate Human/Japan/Okamoto/-)
Hepatitis B virus genotype C subtype ayr (isolate Human/Japan/Okamoto/-) (HBV-C) - Proteome: UP000008591
Jaapia argillacea MUCL 33604 - Proteome: UP000027265
Methanoplanus limicola DSM 2279 - Proteome: UP000005741
Collybiopsis luxurians FD-317 M1 - Proteome: UP000053593
Paenibacillus sp. HGF7 - Proteome: UP000003445
Actinotalea ferrariae CF5-4 - Proteome: UP000019753
Gorilla gorilla gorilla (Western lowland gorilla) - Proteome: UP000001519
Felis catus (Cat) - Proteome: UP000011712
Equus caballus (Horse) - Proteome: UP000002281
Plutella xylostella granulovirus - Proteome: UP000201310
Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720)
Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720) (S. typhimurium LT2) - Proteome: UP000001014
Ovis aries (Sheep) - Proteome: UP000002356
Bacteroides caccae CL03T12C61 - Proteome: UP000002965
Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) - Proteome: UP000001811
Parabacteroides johnsonii CL02T12C29 - Proteome: UP000001218
A response indicating a very low level of confidence or an absence.
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
Circular accelerator with increasing magnetic field to maintain constant orbit radius
A device that is used for automated liquid transfer and handling
X 'has host' y if and only if: x is an organism, y is an organism, and x can live on the surface of or within the body of y.
An interaction where an organism visits another organism or location
One or more contigs that have been ordered and oriented
One or more contigs that have been ordered and oriented using end-read information
A sequence that closely resembles a known functional gene but does not produce a functional product
A boundary or junction between sequence regions
Integrated platform for rapid screening of large numbers of samples or conditions
Types of acoustic (mechanical wave) radiation including ultrasound and infrasound.
Schema-level enum for autonomous_labs in lab_automation
Mechanisms of bioleaching including indirect and direct bacterial action.
Schema-level enum for biomanufacturing in bioprocessing
Confidence levels from the Confidence Information Ontology (CIO), representing different levels of trust in evidence.
Schema-level enum for carcinogenicity in environmental_health
For features of type CDS (coding sequence), the phase indicates where the feature begins with reference to the reading frame. The phase is one of the integers 0, 1, or 2, indicating the number of bases that should be removed from the beginning of this feature to reach the first base of the next codon.
A designation for the copyright status of an object at the time the rights statement is recorded. Based on PREMIS.
Ethnicity categories following OMB 1997 standards used by NIH and federal agencies
Transport medium through which exposure stressor reaches the recipient
Schema-level enum for family_history in medical
Fine-grained sentiment analysis labels with intensity levels
Types of fossil fuels used for energy generation
The three main aspects (namespaces) of Gene Ontology
HSAB (Hard Soft Acid Base) classification
Schema-level enum for hydrogeology in earth_science
Schema-level enum for imaging_platforms in medical
Subtypes of infrared radiation based on wavelength ranges.
Types of metabolomics assays and profiling approaches
Schema-level enum for nuclear_cleanup in energy
Schema-level enum for nuclear_fuel_cycle in energy
Certainty levels from the Ontology of Biological and Clinical Statistics (OBCS). These terms are used to express degrees of certainty in statistical and clinical contexts.
Collection type codes used by OSTI for record origin.
Geolocation shape types in OSTI record metadata.
Identifier types for OSTI organizations.
Vital status of a research participant in clinical studies
Schema-level enum for particle_physics in physics
Vital status of a person (living or deceased)
Domain-level enum for physics value sets
Material composition of laboratory microplates
Domain-level enum for preservation value sets
The outcome or result of a preservation event.
The context in which a preservation level value is specified. Based on PREMIS preservation level role vocabulary.
Schema-level enum for priority_severity in data_science
Schema-level enum for proteomics_standards in bio
Temporal relationships between events or time points
Location in a parent specimen from which a section was excised
Standard labels for sentiment analysis classification tasks
Types of quantity measurements for specimens
Values indicating whether a condition or observation is present, absent, or of unknown status.
Schema-level enum for subsurface_energy in energy
Schema-level enum for subsurface in earth_science
Schema-level enum for synthesis_methods in materials_science
Schema-level enum for text_classification in data_science
Clinical actionability of a genetic finding for treatment decisions
Schema-level enum for transplantation in bio
Transuranic waste classifications (US system)
Malignant neoplasms of eye, brain and other parts of CNS (C69-C72)
Malignant neoplasms of respiratory and intrathoracic organs (C30-C39)
Malignant neoplasms of thyroid and other endocrine glands (C73-C75)
Schema-level enum for unconventional_resources in industry
Schema-level enum for vaccination in health
Half-life categories for radioactive waste classification
Heat generation categories for radioactive waste
Schema-level enum for water_resources in earth_science
JavaScript Object Notation format for structured data
Network Common Data Form. Self-describing array-oriented scientific data format widely used for climate and environmental data.
Comma-separated values format for tabular data
Tape Archive format (typically used with compression)
ZIP archive format with lossless data compression
Brief stimuli presented at varying intervals
Combination of block and event-related elements
Ecologically valid stimuli (movies, stories)
Horizontal plane dividing body into superior and inferior
Elementary particle with -1 charge, spin 1/2
First-generation charged lepton with mass 0.511 MeV
Scalar boson associated with the Higgs field and mass generation mechanism
The concentration of nitrate ions in water, an indicator of nutrient loading
Methanol produced from biomass-derived syngas.
Manganese (Mn) - steel and battery production
Anthropogenic radionuclide from nuclear fission. Environmental contaminant from nuclear weapons testing and accidents.
Cesium-137, a beta and gamma emitter with a half-life of approximately 30 years
Nitrogen-containing organic compounds with diverse structures
Aluminum (Al) - construction and transportation
Radioactive hydrogen isotope. Produced naturally and in nuclear reactors. Weak beta emitter.
Tritium (hydrogen-3), a low-energy beta emitter with a half-life of approximately 12 years
First-generation neutrino associated with the electron
Elemental germanium semiconductor used in high-speed transistors and detectors
Germanium (Ge) - fiber optics and infrared
fiber optics, infrared optics, solar cells
Europium (Eu) - phosphors and nuclear control
Rare earth element (atomic number 63) used in phosphors for displays and fluorescent lighting
Biologically derived fuel including ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas
Transition metal (atomic number 21) used in aluminum alloys for aerospace and sports equipment
aerospace alloys, solid oxide fuel cells
Light rare earth element (atomic number 57) used in catalysts, optics, and battery electrodes
Cerium (Ce) - catalysts and glass polishing
Light rare earth element (atomic number 58) used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and metallurgy
Light rare earth element (atomic number 60) essential for high-strength permanent magnets in wind turbines and EVs
Heavy rare earth element (atomic number 65) used in solid-state devices and green phosphors
Dysprosium (Dy) - high-performance magnets
Heavy rare earth element (atomic number 66) critical for high-temperature permanent magnets
Diamond as an ultra-wide-bandgap semiconductor for extreme environment electronics
Second-generation neutrino associated with the muon
Third-generation neutrino associated with the tau lepton
Third-generation charged lepton with mass 1777 MeV
Second-generation charged lepton with mass 105.66 MeV
Second generation quark with -1/3 charge
Second-generation quark with charge -1/3
Second generation quark with +2/3 charge
Second-generation quark with charge +2/3
Light rare earth element (atomic number 59) used in magnets, lasers, and aircraft engines
Radioactive alkaline earth metal in the uranium decay series. Historically significant in medicine and industry.
Radium-226, an alpha emitter with a half-life of approximately 1600 years
Potash (K2O) - fertilizers and chemicals
Elemental analysis by measuring characteristic X-rays emitted after X-ray excitation
Measurement of relative abundances of isotopes to determine material origin and processing history
Depositing thin films by exposing a substrate to volatile precursors that react on the surface
Depositing thin films by condensing vaporized material onto a substrate surface
Acidic water outflow from mines containing dissolved metals and sulfuric acid
Quiescent cells (reversibly non-dividing)
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on the X chromosome.
A pattern of inheritance observed for alleles in the X-Y identical regions, resembling autosomal inheritance.
Feeling of revulsion or strong disapproval
Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (strain ATCC BAA-335 / MC58)
Neisseria meningitidis MC58 - Proteome: UP000000425
Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (strain ATCC BAA-335 / MC58) (betaproteobacteria) - Proteome: UP000000425
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (strep) - Proteome: UP000000586
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4) - Proteome: UP000000586
Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325 / PS 47)
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus NCTC 8325
Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325 / PS 47) (S. aureus NCTC 8325) - Proteome: UP000008816
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus NCTC 8325 - Proteome: UP000008816
Patient-derived xenograft - tumor tissue directly from patient
A response indicating a low level of confidence.
Enzymes produced for industrial applications such as detergents, textiles, and food processing
Material with intermediate electrical conductivity (10^-5 to 10^8 Ω·m)
Materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators
Resting Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
No explicit task, spontaneous brain activity
fMRI acquired at rest without explicit tasks
Chemical preservation to maintain structural and molecular features
Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell Neoplasm
Hematologic malignancies not classified elsewhere, including histiocytic disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative neoplasms.
Lymphoreticular neoplasms not elsewhere classified including lymphomatoid granulomatosis and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.
A second or later vaccine dose to maintain immune response
A status indicating that an individual has received a booster vaccination
Anthropogenic radionuclide from nuclear fission. Bone-seeking due to chemical similarity to calcium.
Strontium-90, a beta emitter with a half-life of approximately 29 years
Ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma, myxopapillary ependymoma, and choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma.
Glial tumors arising from ependymal cells lining the ventricular system and central canal. Includes molecular subtypes defined by WHO CNS5.
Glial tumors not classified as high-grade or low-grade glioma, including angiocentric glioma and astroblastoma.
Oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, mixed glioma, and other gliomas not elsewhere classified.
Cutaneous and non-cutaneous malignant melanomas.
Malignant neoplasm arising from melanocytes.
Born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit typical definitions of male or female
Sex characteristics not clearly male or female
Includes differences of sex development (DSD)
Ewing sarcoma of bone and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone.
Small round cell sarcoma typically harboring EWSR1 rearrangements, arising in bone or soft tissue. Includes Ewing sarcoma family of tumors.
Information is inappropriate to report, can indicate that the standard itself fails to model or represent the information appropriately
For observational studies, device trials, etc.
CNS germ cell tumors including germinoma, teratoma, and nongerminomatous germ cell tumors.
Germ cell tumors arising within the central nervous system, including germinoma and non-germinomatous germ cell tumors.
Embryonal tumors of the CNS other than medulloblastoma and ATRT, including embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR), CNS neuroblastoma, and pineoblastoma.
Medulloblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, medulloepithelioma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, and other embryonal tumors.
Processing activity that freezes a specimen
Includes hepatoblastoma, hepatic carcinomas, and unspecified malignant hepatic tumors.
The thermal energy of the water, affecting dissolved oxygen levels and biological activity
Ability of a material to conduct heat, measured in watts per meter-kelvin
Abstract parent class for regulation relationships
Abstract parent class for negative regulation relationships
Abstract parent class for positive regulation relationships
An interaction relationship in which the partners are related via a feeding relationship.
A region on a molecule that binds to another molecule
A gap between two sequences in an assembly
Any person or institution making a significant contribution not covered by other contributor type values.
Use when the resource type does not fit any other category. Should be accompanied by a free-text description.
Should be accompanied by free-text description
International Organization for Standardization
International standard-setting body for industrial and commercial standards. Develops standards across many domains including terminology (ISO 704) and healthcare.
International standard-setting body for industrial and commercial standards
International standards organization for World Wide Web standards
International standards organization for the World Wide Web. Develops standards including RDF, OWL, SPARQL, and accessibility guidelines.
Standards development organization for healthcare information exchange. Develops FHIR, CDA, and HL7 v2 messaging standards.
Standards development organization for healthcare information exchange
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal (Public Domain Dedication)
Schema-level enum for access in data_catalog
Levels of autonomy for mining systems including drilling, hauling, and sorting robots (relevant for Topic 1 initiatives).
Schema-level enum for bioenergy in energy
Classification of biofuels by feedstock source and technology generation.
Microorganisms used in bioleaching and biomining operations, including engineered strains.
Biological sex assigned at birth based on anatomical and physiological traits. Required by NIH as a biological variable in research.
Biosafety levels (BSL) defining containment requirements for biological agents
Cell cycle checkpoints that regulate progression
Schema-level enum for characterization_methods in materials_science
Domain-level enum for chemistry value sets
Domain-level enum for clinical value sets
Compression and archive formats commonly used for ML dataset distribution.
Standard confidence levels based on NCIT (NCI Thesaurus) definitions. Used to express the degree of confidence in evidence, data, or assertions.
Standard DNA nucleotide bases (canonical)
Domain-level enum for data_catalog value sets
Uptime Institute data center tier classification levels defining infrastructure reliability
Primary data use permissions from the GA4GH Data Use Ontology (DUO) indicating what research purposes data can be used for.
Standard dataset split types used in machine learning for training, validation, and testing. These splits are fundamental to ML model development and evaluation workflows.
The status of a dataset in its lifecycle. Based on ADMS (Asset Description Metadata Schema) status vocabulary.
Schema-level enum for developmental_stages in bio
The category of object to which preservation metadata applies. Based on PREMIS object categories.
Classification of materials by electrical conductivity
Nuclear emergency action levels and classifications
Domain-level enum for environmental_health value sets
Schema-level enum for extractive_industry in industry
Types of nuclear fuel mixtures used in fusion reactions
Schema-level enum for gb_edoh in environmental_health
Schema-level enum for gene_perturbation in bio
Geothermal Resource Temperature Classification
Classification of geothermal resources by temperature range.
Extended status values including historical presence of conditions or observations.
Simplified human age group categories based on MeSH classifications. Useful for cohort stratification and demographic reporting.
Schema-level enum for hydrogen in energy
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification groups for carcinogenic hazard to humans. IARC evaluates the strength of evidence that an agent can cause cancer in humans.
International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS) stages. A clinical staging system based on imaging and image-defined risk factors (IDRFs), effective for diagnosis years 2024+. Allows staging before any treatment, unlike the surgical INSS system.
Schema-level enum for labware in lab_automation
Semantic roles that fields play in ML datasets. These roles help understand the purpose and usage of different data columns or attributes.
Schema-level enum for mime_types in computing
Methods used for extracting minerals from the earth
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) found in the environment. These are primordial radionuclides and their decay products.
US NRC 10 CFR 61 low-level radioactive waste classification
International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) pretreatment risk classification groups. Combines INRGSS stage with tumor histology, MYCN status, ploidy, and other prognostic factors.
Schema-level enum for neuroblastoma in medical
Schema-level enum for neuroimaging in medical
IAEA nuclear material security categories (INFCIRC/225)
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) ethnicity category codes
Sensitivity flags calculated by OSTI for released records.
Types of prediction outcomes for classification tasks
Oxygen supply strategies for fermentation
Phenotypic sex of an individual based on observable characteristics. FHIR mapping: AdministrativeGender
Schema-level enum for pigments_dyes in materials_science
The type of growth medium or substrate used for plant cultivation, including soil, hydroponic, aeroponic, and in vitro media.
The type of plant growth facility used in an experiment, describing whether plants were grown in a field, greenhouse, growth chamber, or laboratory.
Classification of whether an entity is present, absent, or at detection limits
Common preservation level tiers indicating the degree of preservation commitment. These are not from PREMIS directly but represent common practice in digital preservation.
Standard RNA nucleotide bases (canonical)
Schema-level enum for radiation in physics
Regulatory and community constraints affecting mining operations, particularly for in-situ extraction and community engagement.
Types of robotic arms used in laboratory automation systems
Nuclear safety system classifications (based on IEEE and ASME standards)
Seasons of the year (Northern Hemisphere)
Strand orientation for nucleic acid sequences
Topological structure of nucleic acid molecules
Severity levels for incident/bug classification
High-level types of specimen processing activities
Major International Standards Development Organizations. These organizations develop technical standards, specifications, and guidelines used globally across various industries including information technology, healthcare, and engineering.
All mapped to ROR (Research Organization Registry) identifiers where available
Includes standards bodies commonly referenced in research
Schema-level enum for standards in lab_automation
The strand that a feature appears on relative to a landmark. Also encompasses unknown or irrelevant strandedness.
Broader categorization of tissue preservation approaches
Classification of transplants based on the genetic relationship between donor and recipient organisms.
Malignant neoplasms of female genital organs (C51-C58)
Malignant neoplasms of male genital organs (C60-C63)
Malignant neoplasms of urinary tract (C64-C68)
Types of wells used for extracting fluid resources
Types of xenograft models used in cancer and disease research
Photoluminescent green - emergency escape
fire equipment, stop signs, danger signs
Elemental silicon, the most widely used semiconductor material
Conversion of coal to syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) using high temperature and steam.
High-temperature conversion of carbonaceous materials to syngas using controlled oxygen and/or steam.
Unusual accumulation of water above ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow, or dam failure.
drowning, waterborne disease, injuries, displacement
A mode of inheritance that depends on genetic determinants in more than one gene.
Mus musculus (Mouse) - Proteome: UP000000589
Rattus norvegicus (Rat) - Proteome: UP000002494
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (green algae) - Proteome: UP000006906
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) - Proteome: UP000006548
Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) - Proteome: UP000004994
Nicotiana tabacum (Common tobacco) - Proteome: UP000084051
Dictyostelium discoideum (Social amoeba) - Proteome: UP000002195
Zea mays (Maize) - Proteome: UP000007305
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (Baker's yeast) - Proteome: UP000002311
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (reference strain)
Paramecium tetraurelia (alveolate) - Proteome: UP000000600
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode worm) - Proteome: UP000001940
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) - Proteome: UP000000803
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) - Proteome: UP000000437
Oryzias latipes (Japanese rice fish) - Proteome: UP000001038
Escherichia coli K-12 (E. coli) - Proteome: UP000000625
Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - Proteome: UP000186698
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) - Proteome: UP000008143
Xenopus tropicalis (western clawed frog)
Gallus gallus (Chicken) - Proteome: UP000000539
Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque) - Proteome: UP000006718
Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee) - Proteome: UP000002277
Homo sapiens (Human) - Proteome: UP000005640
Canis lupus familiaris (Dog) - Proteome: UP000805418
Sus scrofa (Pig) - Proteome: UP000008227
Bos taurus (Cattle) - Proteome: UP000009136
A response indicating a moderate level of confidence.
Genetically engineered transgenic animal
Includes other specified malignant tumors and other unspecified malignant tumors not classifiable in groups I-XI.
Malignant tumors not classifiable in groups I-XI but with specified histology.
Malignant tumors, NOS not classifiable in groups I-XI.
Carcinomas arising in the ovary and testis.
Carcinomas at other sites and carcinomas, NOS.
Includes adrenocortical carcinomas, thyroid carcinomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, malignant melanomas, skin carcinomas, and other and unspecified carcinomas.
Doctoral or professional degree (PhD, MD, JD, etc.)
Includes osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas, Ewing tumor and related sarcomas of bone, other specified malignant bone tumors, and unspecified malignant bone tumors.
Other specified malignant bone tumors including giant cell tumor of bone, malignant and adamantinoma.
Abstract parent class for causal relationships
interacts with via parasite-host interaction
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms.
A region of sequence containing one or more repeat units
An RNA synthesized on a DNA or RNA template by an RNA polymerase
Some system or workflow process error means that the information is not available.
ACMG/AMP variant pathogenicity classification for clinical genetics
Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Based on EU Vocabularies Access Rights authority list and DCAT recommendations.
Anatomical axes defining spatial organization
Schema-level enum for binary_classification in data_science
Scale classifications for biomanufacturing operations, from micro-scale screening through commercial production
Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) Level
CMMI levels for assessing organizational process maturity in software development
Operational status of a capability, facility, or infrastructure. Applicable to energy facilities, research capabilities, and other infrastructure throughout their lifecycle.
Compression types used with Content-Encoding
Confidence levels for predictions and classifications
DNA damage response pathways during cell cycle
Defense in depth barrier levels for nuclear safety
Types of detectors for structural biology
Schema-level enum for digital_objects in preservation
Greenhouse gas emission scopes (GHG Protocol)
Methods for enriching uranium to increase U-235 concentration
Status of family history information availability
Fire safety equipment and signage colors
Gender identity codes indicating an individual's personal sense of gender
Schema-level enum for geothermal in energy
IPCC confidence qualifiers used to express the degree of confidence in a finding based on the type, amount, quality, and consistency of evidence and the degree of agreement.
Level of government regulation in different industries
Progress status of clinical interpretation or diagnosis
Laterality/sidedness of a finding or anatomical structure
Classification of materials by magnetic properties
Competitive structure of industry markets
Schema-level enum for material_properties in materials_science
Schema-level enum for material_types in materials_science
NCIT 5-point subjective confidence scale ranging from "Not at all confident" (1) to "Very confident" (5). Used in clinical assessments and questionnaires.
Schema-level enum for nuclear_operations in energy
Schema-level enum for nuclear_regulatory in energy
OWL 2 profiles that provide different tradeoffs between expressiveness and computational complexity
Schema-level enum for organizations in academic
Schema-level enum for plant_experimental_conditions in bio
Standard priority levels for task/issue classification
Scale of bioprocessing operations from lab bench to commercial production
The evidence for the existence of a biological entity. See https://www.uniprot.org/help/protein_existence and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/evidence/.
Levels of quality assurance implementation
Nuclear reactor generational classifications
Neutron moderator types used in nuclear reactors
Fundamental nuclear reactor safety functions
Classification of platforms used to carry remote sensing instruments for earth observation and environmental monitoring.
The basis for the right or permission granted for an object. Based on PREMIS rights basis vocabulary.
Quality score encoding standards used in FASTQ files and sequencing data. Different platforms and software versions use different ASCII offsets.
Schema-level enum for thermal_cycling in lab_automation
United Nations Specialized Agencies. UN specialized agencies are autonomous international organizations that coordinate their work with the UN through negotiated agreements. They address international issues in their respective fields.
All mapped to ROR (Research Organization Registry) identifiers
Includes major UN agencies relevant to research and development
The vital status of a person or organism
Types of workflow orchestration in laboratory automation systems
Hierarchical Data Format version 5. High-performance format for large scientific datasets including satellite data.
Phosphate rock - fertilizers and chemicals
The concentration of phosphate in water, an indicator of nutrient loading and eutrophication potential
Uranium as found in nature (0.711% U-235)
Uranium isotopes, alpha emitters with very long half-lives
Alkali metal (atomic number 3) essential for lithium-ion batteries and energy storage systems
Force carrier for electromagnetic interaction
Massless gauge boson mediating the electromagnetic force
Qubit encoded in quantum states of photons
Analytical technique measuring mass-to-charge ratios for elemental and isotopic composition
Acute leukemia of lymphoid precursor cells.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) including B-ALL and T-ALL with all molecular subtypes (BCR::ABL1, ETV6::RUNX1, KMT2A-r, DUX4, MEF2D, etc.).
Precursor cell lymphoblastic leukemia, NOS; precursor cell lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell; precursor cell lymphoblastic leukemia, T-cell; Burkitt cell leukemia; and other lymphoid leukemias.
Acute leukemia of myeloid precursor cells.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and related myeloid neoplasms including AML with defining genetic abnormalities, therapy-related AML, and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML).
Acute myeloid leukemia and variants including AML with maturation, acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute monoblastic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, etc.
Includes Hodgkin lymphomas, non-Hodgkin lymphomas (except Burkitt lymphoma), Burkitt lymphoma, and miscellaneous lymphoreticular neoplasms.
Malignant neoplasm of lymphoid tissue, not otherwise specified. Includes Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Embryonal tumor of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, arising from neural crest cells. Includes ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma.
Includes neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma, and other peripheral nervous cell tumors.
Neuroblastoma, NOS and ganglioneuroblastoma.
Malignant soft tissue tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation, including embryonal, alveolar, and spindle cell/sclerosing subtypes.
Malignant tumor arising from skeletal muscle.
Rhabdomyosarcoma, NOS; embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma; alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; and other rhabdomyosarcomas.
Malignant neoplasm of the retina arising from developing retinal cells, associated with RB1 mutations.
Malignant neoplasm of the retina. Single group with no subgroups.
Includes nephroblastoma and other nonepithelial renal tumors, renal carcinomas, and unspecified malignant renal tumors.
Kidney tumors including Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), clear cell sarcoma of kidney, renal cell carcinoma, and congenital mesoblastic nephroma.
Malignant bone-forming tumor. Most common primary malignant bone tumor.
Osteosarcoma, NOS and variants including chondroblastic, fibroblastic, telangiectatic, and small cell osteosarcoma.
Primary malignant bone tumor characterized by osteoid production, including conventional, telangiectatic, and small cell variants.
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
Lymphoid neoplasm characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells, including classical Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
Lymphoma characterized by presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and specific histological patterns.
A biotic interaction in which the two organisms live together in more or less intimate association.
A sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
The value is expected to exist but is not known.
Allelic state/zygosity of a variant or genetic feature
Standard anatomical planes for sectioning
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science
Electrical engineering and systems science research areas
Ekman's six basic emotions commonly used in emotion recognition
Schema-level enum for biological_colors in bio
Domain-level enum for business value sets
Size classifications for business entities
Carbon intensity levels for energy sources
Major phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle
Types of chromatographic separation methods
Schema-level enum for confidence_levels in root
Domain-level enum for data_science value sets
Chemical derivatization methods for sample preparation
Response categories for drug treatment outcomes
Current employment status classifications
Types of exposure stressors by their origin or nature
Specific methods for creating gene knockouts in model systems
Genetic relationship types for pedigree analysis
Classification of geothermal reservoirs by geological setting and characteristics.
Types of wells used in geothermal energy development and production.
Methods for storing hydrogen for later use or transport.
IAEA General Safety Requirements radioactive waste classification scheme
International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stages. A post-surgical staging system based on extent of tumor resection, lymph node involvement, and metastatic spread. This is the legacy system; INRGSS is now preferred for diagnosis years 2024+.
Chemical leaching systems for in-situ extraction with associated parameters including pH, Eh, temperature, and ionic strength.
Schema-level enum for industry_classifications in business
Domain-level enum for industry value sets
Types of systems integrated with laboratory automation platforms
Schema-level enum for investigation in root
Types of automated workflows implemented in autonomous laboratory systems
Standardization specifications for laboratory labware
Schema-level enum for mass_spectrometry in analytical_chemistry
Types of mineral feedstock sources for extraction and processing operations, including primary and secondary sources.
Postnatal mouse age groups using postnatal day (P) notation. Common categories used in laboratory research for developmental studies.
Schema-level enum for nuclear_facilities in energy
Schema-level enum for nuclear_fuels in energy
Categories of nuclear and radiological threat scenarios for security assessment
Maturity assessment for open source projects
Schema-level enum for protocols in lab_automation
Schema-level enum for provenance in clinical
Schema-level enum for quality_management in business
Radiation protection zone classifications for nuclear facilities
The directionality of a chemical reaction or process
Reactor control and safety system operational modes
Schema-level enum for reactor_types in energy
Configuration of sequencing reads generated by different platforms
Types of scheduling algorithms for laboratory automation
Human skin tone classifications (Fitzpatrick scale based)
Types of subsurface energy and material storage technologies utilizing geological formations
Biological behavior codes used in ICD-O morphology (5th digit). Indicates whether a neoplasm is benign, uncertain, in situ, or malignant.
Standard uranium-235 enrichment level classifications
Error handling strategies in laboratory automation workflows
A response indicating a high level of confidence.
CNS tumors not fitting other brain tumor categories, including meningioma, schwannoma, and hemangioblastoma.
Includes ependymomas and choroid plexus tumor, astrocytomas, intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors, other gliomas, other specified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms, and unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms. Also includes nonmalignant CNS tumors.
Intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms, NOS.
Pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, pineal tumors, and other specified intracranial neoplasms.
Malignant epithelial neoplasm, not otherwise specified. General term for cancers arising from epithelial cells.
All lymphomas other than Hodgkin lymphoma. Includes B-cell and T-cell lymphomas.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and other non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Lymphoid neoplasms other than Hodgkin lymphoma, including Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and lymphoblastic lymphoma.
Malignant mesenchymal neoplasm, not otherwise specified. Cancers arising from connective tissue, bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, or blood vessels.
Includes liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and other specified soft tissue sarcomas.
Includes rhabdomyosarcomas, fibrosarcomas/peripheral nerve sheath tumors/other fibrous neoplasms, Kaposi sarcoma, other specified soft tissue sarcomas, and unspecified soft tissue sarcomas.
Soft tissue neoplasms other than rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, including synovial sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and other sarcomas. Also includes non-sarcomatous soft tissue tumors.
A sequence that deviates from the reference sequence
Types of control samples used in analytical chemistry
Categories of biosynthetic gene clusters based on the type of secondary metabolite produced. These categories are used in genome mining and natural product discovery.
Types of cell cycle regulatory molecules
The type of the contig set; the type of the 'omics data set. Terms are taken from the Genomics Standards Consortium where possible. See the GSC checklists at https://genomicsstandardsconsortium.github.io/mixs/ for the controlled vocabularies used.
The seven crystal systems in crystallography
Levels of data quality, governance, and organizational maturity
The type of data service provided. Based on INSPIRE spatial data service types and common data access patterns.
Additional conditions and modifiers for data use from the GA4GH Data Use Ontology (DUO).
Days of the week following ISO 8601 standard (Monday = 1)
Phases in the decommissioning lifecycle of nuclear facilities
Detection modes for real-time PCR instruments
Types of geothermal energy systems, including conventional hydrothermal and enhanced/engineered geothermal systems.
Housing status of patients per UDS Plus HRSA standards
Domain-level enum for lab_automation value sets
Major categories of lipids based on SwissLipids classification
Common open source and Creative Commons licenses used for ML datasets. These licenses specify terms of use, redistribution, and modification.
Schema-level enum for management_operations in business
Domain-level enum for materials_science value sets
Schema-level enum for maturity_levels in computing
Mechanical behavior of materials under stress
Standard microplate well configurations following ANSI/SLAS standards
Microscopy techniques for material characterization
Schema-level enum for nih_demographics in clinical
Schema-level enum for nuclear_safety in energy
Schema-level enum for nuclear_waste in energy
Schema-level enum for organizational_structures in business
Workflow status codes for OSTI record revisions.
Types of plates used for PCR applications
Methods to identify interaction participants
Units for measuring power (energy per time)
Key performance indicators for mining and processing operations tied to SMART milestones and sustainability goals.
Race categories following OMB 1997 standards used by NIH and federal agencies. Respondents may select multiple races.
RefSeq status codes, taken from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/evidence/.
Status of a therapeutic regimen or treatment protocol
Organism's relationship to oxygen for growth and survival
Schema-level enum for safety_colors in industry
Sequence quality indicators (Phred scores)
Schema-level enum for sequencing_platforms in bio
Methods for sterilization in bioprocessing
Schema-level enum for supply_chain in business
Types of measurements and analyses used to characterize mine tailings and other mineral processing residues for resource recovery potential
Text contains harmful or inappropriate content
Cobalt (Co) - battery cathodes and superalloys
Transition metal (atomic number 27) essential for lithium-ion battery cathodes and superalloys
Nickel (Ni) - stainless steel and batteries
Transition metal (atomic number 28) used in stainless steel, batteries, and electroplating
A region involved in the control of the process of gene expression
3D printing and additive manufacturing methods
Standard age groups used in NIH clinical research, particularly NINDS CDEs
Types of agitation/mixing in bioreactors
Classification of aquifer types based on confinement, geology, and hydraulic characteristics.
Industry standards for laboratory automation systems
Types of hardware and software components that comprise an AI-driven autonomous laboratory system
Categories of employee benefits and compensation
Biological methods for extracting metals and minerals from unconventional resources using microorganisms or plants
Strategies and approaches for optimizing biomanufacturing processes to improve yield, productivity, and product quality
Stages in business development lifecycle
Types of employee compensation structures
Schema-level enum for croissant_ml in computing
Types of cooling systems used in data center facilities
Schema-level enum for demographics in root
Types of detectors used in particle physics experiments
Domain-level enum for earth_science value sets
Levels of educational attainment for survey and demographic purposes. Based on standard US educational categories.
Electrical wire color codes (US/International)
Duration categories for environmental exposures
Types of products extracted from extractive industry facilities
Schema-level enum for file_formats in computing
Methods for confining plasma in fusion energy experiments and reactors
Key physical parameters measured and optimized in fusion plasma experiments
Applications and uses of geothermal energy.
Hazardous materials placarding colors (DOT/UN)
Classification of wells used for groundwater access, monitoring, and management.
International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) levels
Integration features for laboratory automation systems
Data types used in Croissant ML for describing field types in datasets. Based on XSD (XML Schema Definition) and schema.org vocabulary.
High-level data modalities used in machine learning. These represent the fundamental types of input data that ML models process.
Types of nuclear facility maintenance activities
Domain-level enum for medical value sets
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) race category codes
Standard nuclear facility operational procedures
Types of particle accelerator facilities used in high-energy physics research
Operational status of nuclear power plants
Process improvement methodologies and approaches
General project development maturity assessment
Execution states of laboratory protocols
Categories of quantum algorithms by their primary application domain
Types of physical qubit implementations used in quantum computing hardware
Schema-level enum for reactions in chemistry
Primary coolant types used in nuclear reactors
Sources for candidate recruitment and sourcing
Clinical trial or study recruitment status per NIH/ClinicalTrials.gov
Methods and techniques used to characterize subsurface reservoirs for energy extraction and storage applications
Types of biological samples used in structural biology
Seasonal conditions during plant growth, including standard seasons and regional agricultural seasons (e.g., kharif, rabi in South Asia).
Types of semiconductor materials used in microelectronics fabrication
Measurement while drilling (MWD) and logging while drilling (LWD) features for orebody ML and geosteering applications.
Types of sequence data based on experimental method
Types of digital and intelligent technologies used in modern manufacturing environments
General software maturity assessment levels
Schema-level enum for spatial_qualifiers in spatial
Spectroscopy techniques for material analysis
Clinical trial phases per FDA and NIH definitions
Types of employee training and development programs
Malignant neoplasms of digestive organs (C15-C26)
The periodicity or frequency of vaccination
Types of vectors used for gene delivery in research
Yellow - oxidizer, organic peroxide (Classes 5.1, 5.2)
Germ cell tumors of the ovary and testis including dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, and mixed germ cell tumors.
Includes intracranial and intraspinal germ cell tumors, malignant extracranial and extragonadal germ cell tumors, malignant gonadal germ cell tumors, gonadal carcinomas, and other and unspecified malignant gonadal tumors.
Other specified and unspecified gonadal tumors.
Tumor arising from germ cells. Includes seminoma, teratoma, etc.
Tumors arising from primordial germ cells, occurring in gonadal or extragonadal sites. Includes teratoma, yolk sac tumor, germinoma, choriocarcinoma, and mixed germ cell tumors. Excludes CNS germ cell tumors.
Methods for mineral separation and concentration aligned with advanced ore processing initiatives (AOI-2).
Types of bioreactors used in fermentation and cell culture
Energy performance certification levels and standards for buildings
Types of building systems for mechanical, electrical, and structural infrastructure
Semiconductor fabrication process node sizes defining transistor feature dimensions
Communication protocols for laboratory automation integration
Domain-level enum for computing value sets
Years of education that a person has completed
Types of employment arrangements and contracts
Computational and statistical methods used for experimental design in autonomous laboratory workflows
Strategies for managing and optimizing the operation of electrical grids
Human resources functional areas and specializations
Organizational job levels and career progression
Schema-level enum for mining in industry
Analytical methods used in nuclear forensics for material characterization and attribution
Stages in the nuclear fuel cycle from mining to disposal
Types of organizational hierarchy and reporting structures
Types of peak annotations in mass spectrometry data
Classification of data types acquired by remote sensing instruments, covering electromagnetic and potential field measurements.
Schema-level enum for scale_up in bioprocessing
Types of sequence alphabets used in bioinformatics
Schema-level enum for sequence_alphabets in bio
Schema-level enum for sequence_chemistry in bio
Fundamental chemical methods used for DNA/RNA sequencing
Maturity levels for standards and specifications
Specific population groups commonly studied in exposure research
Types of subsurface energy resources including geothermal, hydrocarbon, and other geological energy assets
NASA's Technology Readiness Level scale for assessing the maturity of technologies from basic research through operational deployment
Histological grade/differentiation codes used in ICD-O (6th digit). Indicates how abnormal the tumor cells appear compared to normal cells.
Types of nuclear waste management facilities
Classification of water resources by source, quality, and origin.
Classification of water use categories relevant to the water-energy nexus and national water resource planning.
Wind direction nomenclature (named for where wind comes FROM)
Legitimate, non-fraudulent transaction or activity
Neutral sentiment, neither positive nor negative
Includes lymphoid leukemias, acute myeloid leukemias, chronic myeloproliferative diseases, myelodysplastic syndrome and other myeloproliferative diseases, and unspecified and other specified leukemias.
Leukemia, NOS and other specified leukemias not elsewhere classified.
Malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues, not otherwise specified.
Categories of products derived from biological manufacturing processes
Schema-level enum for clinical in medical
Nuclear safety and security compliance standards
Levels of processing applied to raw sequencing data
Types of electricity markets and pricing
Extended emotion set including complex emotions
Types of physical components in electrical transmission and distribution grids
Types of energy storage technologies used for grid-scale and distributed applications
Types of physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring in groundwater systems.
Heavy metals of environmental health concern
Schema-level enum for human_resources in business
Color-coded classification of hydrogen based on production method and carbon intensity. This informal industry taxonomy differentiates hydrogen by its carbon footprint and energy source.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) standardized likelihood scale used to communicate the assessed probability of an outcome or result. Widely used in climate science and environmental assessments.
Stages in nuclear facility licensing process
Material properties that are commonly targeted for computational prediction in materials discovery and design
Computational simulation methods used in materials science for predicting structure, properties, and behavior of materials
Schema-level enum for measurements in units
Phases specific to meiotic cell division
Schema-level enum for mining_processing in root
Different forms of nuclear fuel throughout the cycle
Methods for remediating radioactive contamination at nuclear sites
Business operational models and approaches
Types of photovoltaic system installations
Performance measurement systems and approaches
Categories of pesticides by target organism or chemical class
Schema-level enum for phenopackets in clinical
Types of procurement activities and approaches
Quality improvement methodologies and approaches
Common radioactive contaminants found at nuclear cleanup sites
Schema-level enum for research in academic
Methods for collecting biological specimens
Strategic planning and analysis frameworks
Structural biology experimental techniques
Types of supplier relationship management
Major United States Federal Research Funding Agencies. These agencies provide funding for basic and applied research across various scientific disciplines, supporting universities, national laboratories, and other research institutions.
All agency names mapped to ROR (Research Organization Registry) identifiers
Includes primary research funding agencies
Safety black - traffic/housekeeping markings
Processes for converting biomass feedstocks into biofuels and bioproducts.
Types of fuels produced from biomass feedstocks.
Schema-level enum for chemical_entities in chemistry
Types of laboratory containers and labware
Roles within corporate governance structure
Encoding formats (MIME types) commonly used for ML dataset files in Croissant. These specify how data is serialized and stored.
Sources of drug exposure records indicating how the medication information was documented.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) weight-of-evidence descriptors for carcinogenicity. These classifications characterize the extent to which available data support the hypothesis that an agent causes cancer in humans.
Ecological or geographical environment conditions during plant growth, including climate zones, altitude, atmospheric pressure, and land characteristics.
Types of geophysical investigation methods used for subsurface characterization, resource exploration, and environmental monitoring.
Karyotypic sex of an individual based on chromosome composition
Hierarchical levels within organizational management structure
Timing of disease or phenotype onset relative to developmental stages
Nuclear regulatory frameworks and international conventions
Basic spatial directional terms for general use
Physical and hydraulic properties of subsurface formations relevant to resource characterization and reservoir modeling.
Common air pollutants and air quality indicators
Anatomical regions based on spatial position
Types of battery technologies for energy storage
Types of electromagnetic radiation across the spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays, including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
Types of energy storage systems (categories)
Role played by a participant in the experiment
Quantification units for gene expression data from RNA-seq and microarray experiments. Includes raw counts and various normalization methods.
Schema-level enum for geographic_codes in geography
File formats for raster (gridded) geospatial data including satellite imagery, digital elevation models, and environmental model outputs.
The 12 main diagnostic groups of the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third Edition. Based on tumor morphology and primary site with emphasis on morphology.
Media types (MIME types) for different modalities of ML data including images, audio, video, and text.
The domestic partnership status of a person
Microscopy imaging systems and platforms
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Institutes and Centers. NIH comprises 27 Institutes and Centers, each with a specific research agenda focused on particular diseases or body systems. These are the major NIH ICs that fund extramural research.
Plant leaf colors (including seasonal changes)
Quality management standards and frameworks
Schema-level enum for specimen_processing in bio
Classification of subsurface geological formations relevant to energy exploration, carbon storage, geothermal systems, and groundwater resources.
Types of unconventional mineral resources including industrial waste streams, mining residues, and brines that contain recoverable critical minerals and metals
Types of viral genomes based on Baltimore classification
Physical, chemical, and biological parameters used to assess water quality for various applications.
Types of computational processing workflows
Types of analytes that can be extracted from biological specimens for molecular analysis.
Basic color names commonly used in everyday language
Building energy efficiency standards and certifications
Common business and financial time frames
Common metabolic currency molecules and cofactors that serve as energy carriers, electron donors/acceptors, and group transfer agents in cellular metabolism.
Common sources of environmental exposures
Molecular features affecting interactions
Nuclear fuel cycle operational activities
File formats for vector (point, line, polygon) geospatial data including geographic boundaries, infrastructure, and sampling locations.
Methods and processes for producing hydrogen.
INSDC (International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration) controlled vocabulary for missing values in sequence records
Types of molecular species in interactions
Operations for automated liquid handling in laboratory automation
Types of manufacturing processes including additive, subtractive, and formative methods
Nuclear regulatory authorities and international organizations
Types of peptide fragment ion series in mass spectrometry
General sample processing operations in automated laboratories
Standard taxonomic ranks used in biological classification
A parasite-host relationship where an organism benefits at the expense of another.
The 14 Bravais lattices describing all possible crystal lattices
Schema-level enum for exposures in environmental_health
Methods used to detect molecular interactions
Mass spectrometry-based assays for proteomics and metabolomics
Types of nuclear fuel materials and compositions
Product type codes from OSTI record metadata.
Schema-level enum for osti_record in publishing
Major developmental stages in the plant life cycle, from seed germination through senescence. Based on the Plant Ontology (PO) standardized stages.
Spatial relationships between anatomical structures
Methods for preparing and preserving biological specimens for analysis. Sourced from NF-OSI metadata dictionary and Human Cell Atlas standards.
Organizations and consortia that may serve as stewards, publishers, or endorsers for value sets. Includes standards bodies, bioinformatics consortia, and data coordination centers. Use ROR IDs where available; otherwise use canonical organization URLs.
A sequence feature with an extent greater than zero
Sources of condition/diagnosis records indicating how the condition was documented or determined.
Used to specify why the normally expected content of the data element is missing.
Types of nuclear regulatory inspections and assessments
Nuclear reactor types based on design and operational characteristics
Material types as defined by SESAR (System for Earth Sample Registration). These describe what a sample consists of (e.g., rock, mineral, liquid).
Schema-level enum for structural_biology in bio
Common material synthesis and processing methods
The frequency at which a dataset is updated with new data. Based on Dublin Core Collection Description Frequency Vocabulary.
A term describing the causal relationship between two activities. All terms are drawn from the "causally upstream or within" (RO:0002418) branch of the Relation Ontology (RO).
Cardinal and intercardinal compass directions
Extended DNA alphabet with IUPAC ambiguity codes
Other imaging systems including plate readers, flow cytometers, and specialized systems
Standard file formats used in mass spectrometry
Patterns of genetic inheritance describing how traits or disorders are passed between generations. Based on HP:0000005 (Mode of inheritance).
Types of model systems used in biological research
Extended RNA alphabet with IUPAC ambiguity codes
Radioactive elements and isotopes commonly measured in environmental health studies, including naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and anthropogenic radionuclides.
Standard file formats used for storing sequence data
Primary applications or assays using DNA/RNA sequencing
Categories of environmental exposure agents for GB-EDoH classification. Used to categorize the type of environmental factor being measured and modeled in geospatial exposure assessments.
Standard Model fundamental particles classified by type
Complete IUPAC nucleotide codes including ambiguous bases for DNA/RNA sequences. Used in FASTA and other sequence formats to represent uncertain nucleotides.
Access and distribution limitation codes from OSTI.
Programming language source file extensions
Methods used to aggregate environmental exposure data over time. Critical metadata for GB-EDoH to ensure comparability across studies and integration with health outcome data.
United States Department of Energy National Laboratories. The DOE operates 17 National Laboratories that serve as powerhouses of science and technology, tackling critical scientific challenges and conducting cutting-edge research across multiple disciplines. These laboratories are managed by contractors and stewarded by various DOE program offices, with the Office of Science stewarding 10 of the 17 laboratories.
All organization names mapped to ROR (Research Organization Registry) identifiers
See https://www.energy.gov/national-laboratories for official information
Directional orientation between anatomical positions based on OME NGFF specification
Coordination geometry of metal centers in protein structures
Types of energy sources and generation methods
Routes by which exposure to environmental agents occurs
Methods for perturbing or modifying gene expression and function. Includes gene editing, silencing, and overexpression approaches.
Types of automated laboratory devices and equipment
Types of nuclear facilities and infrastructure
Anatomical sides as defined in the Biological Spatial Ontology (BSPO). An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle.
Types of biomass materials used as feedstocks for bioenergy production. Includes dedicated energy crops, agricultural residues, forest residues, and waste streams.
Common minerals extracted through mining
Target elements for extraction in mining operations, including rare earth elements (REE), critical minerals, and battery metals. These elements are strategically important for clean energy technologies, electronics, and defense applications.
Electronic annotation methods used in Gene Ontology, identified by GO_REF codes
Image-defined risk factors (IDRFs) used in INRGSS staging to determine surgical risk. Presence of any IDRF upgrades a tumor from L1 to L2.
Legal entity types for business organizations
Methods for preparing sequencing libraries from nucleic acid samples
Types of extreme weather events relevant to health outcomes and environmental epidemiology. Used for characterizing weather-related health impacts in the NIH Health and Extreme Weather (HEW) program.
Social Determinants of Health domains as defined by the Gravity Project. These domains represent key areas of social need that impact health outcomes.
HHEAR Study Environmental Exposures Assessed
Categories of environmental exposures assessed in Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource (HHEAR) studies. Based on the HHEAR value set HHEARVS:00008 (Study Environmental Exposures Assessed).
NAICS two-digit sector codes (North American Industry Classification System)
Geographic units and spatial resolutions used for GB-EDoH exposure estimates. Critical metadata for understanding exposure misclassification and supporting OMOP geocoding requirements.
Types of biological specimens used in research
The 20 standard proteinogenic amino acids with IUPAC single-letter codes
Sources of healthcare visit/encounter records indicating the origin of the visit documentation.
Types of contributors to research resources from DataCite 4.6. These describe organizational and functional roles rather than specific contribution activities (see CRediT/ResearchRole for those).
An interaction relationship in which at least one of the partners is an organism and the other is either an organism or an abiotic entity with which the organism interacts.
A region defined by its biological properties
Algorithms that take an input and return a fixed-size string (hash value). Used for verifying data integrity and creating digital signatures. Based on PREMIS cryptographic hash functions vocabulary.
Identifier types for related resources in OSTI.
Sample object types as defined by SESAR (System for Earth Sample Registration). These describe the physical form and collection context of samples.
Types of source materials from which specimens are derived, particularly relevant for cancer and tissue banking research.
Fundamental and composite subatomic particles
Safety white - traffic/housekeeping markings
NCBI genetic code translation tables for different organisms. Table 1 is the universal genetic code used by most organisms.
Identifier type codes from OSTI record metadata.
Major histological types for tumor classification based on ICD-O morphology codes. These represent the cell type and histological pattern of neoplasms.
Gene Ontology evidence codes used to describe the type of support for GO annotations. Each code maps to the Evidence and Conclusion Ontology (ECO). Evidence codes are categorized by whether they represent experimental evidence, computational analysis, phylogenetic inference, author statements, or electronic annotation. All codes except IEA represent manual curation.
Specific MRI scanner models from major manufacturers. Includes field strength information (1.5T, 3T, 7T) for proper data interpretation.
Schema-level enum for bio_entities in bio
Extended amino acid alphabet with ambiguity codes and special characters
Complete IUPAC amino acid codes including standard amino acids, rare amino acids, and ambiguity codes
Plant reproductive and sexual system types
Sexual systems in plants, describing the distribution and types of reproductive organs (flowers) within and among individual plants.
Major DNA/RNA sequencing platforms and instruments used in genomics research
Major anatomic sites for tumor classification based on ICD-O topography codes (C00-C80). These represent primary sites where neoplasms occur.
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes (3-letter codes)
High-level groupings for pediatric cancer diagnoses per CCDI CDE 16607972. Designed for cohort aggregation across federated data resources. Each diagnosis maps to a single dominant category.
WHO CNS5, WHO-HAEM5, WHO Pediatric Blue Book
Sample collection methods as defined by SESAR (System for Earth Sample Registration). These describe the method by which a sample was collected.
Imaging-based assays including microscopy, MRI, and related methods
Sequencing-based assays including RNA-seq, DNA-seq, and related methods
Traditional artist pigments and their colors
Trophic levels are the feeding position in a food chain
Ethnicity not known, not reported, or declined to answer
Race not known, not reported, or declined to answer
Sex not known, not reported, or declined to answer
Vital status unknown or lost to follow-up
Unknown, Not Reported, Prefer not to answer
General resource type classifications from DataCite 4.6. Used for categorizing research outputs in data repositories.
FAO World Reference Base (WRB) soil classification system. Based on the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) version 2. These represent the major soil groups according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources.
Sections of a scientific manuscript or publication
Types of academic and research publications
Types of relationships between research resources from DataCite 4.6. Relations are expressed from the perspective of the resource being described (A) in relation to another resource (B).
The 47 diagnostic subgroups of the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third Edition. These provide more detailed classification within each of the 12 main groups.
Critical minerals essential for economic and national security, particularly for clean energy, defense, and technology applications. Based on US Geological Survey and EU critical raw materials lists.
Clinical assessments and behavioral assays used in research
Types of biotic interactions between organisms, based on RO:0002437 (biotically interacts with). These represent ecological relationships where at least one partner is an organism.
Relationship types between records in OSTI.
Physical quantity kinds based on QUDT. These represent abstract types of physical quantities independent of the units used to measure them.
Cell-based assays including viability, proliferation, and functional assays
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes (2-letter codes)
Actions performed within or outside a repository that affect the long-term preservation of digital objects. Based on PREMIS 3.0 event types.
Common MIME types for various file formats
Physiographic feature types as defined by SESAR (System for Earth Sample Registration). These describe the type of physical feature from which a sample was collected.
Family relationships used in pedigree and family history documentation
Common model organisms used in biological research, mapped to NCBI Taxonomy IDs
Genome feature types from SOFA (Sequence Ontology Feature Annotation). This is the subset of Sequence Ontology terms used in GFF3 files. Organized hierarchically following the Sequence Ontology structure.
Standard HTML/CSS named colors (147 colors)
arXiv subject categories for classifying preprints and publications. Categories are organized by major subject groups.
INSDC controlled vocabulary for geographic locations of collected samples. Includes countries, oceans, seas, and other geographic regions as defined by INSDC. Countries use ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes from Library of Congress as canonical identifiers.
UniProt species mnemonic codes for reference proteomes with associated metadata