OCO, the OpenCitations Ontology

A document containing the programme and collected papers, or their abstracts, presented at an academic meeting.

A citation in which at least one author from each of the citing and the cited entities is affiliated with the same academic institution.

An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact).

An annotation either to an in-text reference pointer or to a bibliographic reference entry, describing the citation it instantiates.

An archival document is a realization of the content related to an archival record. It can be exemplified as a book, a document, a letter, a database, etc.

A citation in which at least one author of the citing entity has direct or indirect co-authorship links with one of the authors of the cited entity.

A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have at least one author in common.

An expression of a bibliographic record in a specific format, that references a particular textual or data publication (or a work in preparation for publication). Each bibliographic reference is a list of items containing entities that describe aspects of the referenced work - for example authors, title, journal, publication year - selected from the bibliographic record. Note that because different journal styles may require omission of elements of the bibliographic record in references included in a paper's reference list (e.g. the title, the identifier, the names of the eighth and subsequent authors), and because errors can be introduced when an author creates a bibliographic reference, the bibliographic reference to a published work may not be a complete or fully accurate expression of the information contained within the authoritative bibliographic record for that work.

A non-serial document that is complete in one volume or a designated finite number of volumes. A book published by a publisher is usually identified by an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), and may be manifested as a physical printed publication on paper bound in a hard or soft cover, or in electronic format as an 'e-book'.

A defined chapter of a book, usually with a separate title or number.

A sequence of books having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group - for instance, the books in the Law, Governance and Technology Series published by Springer.

A set of books having certain characteristics in common that informally allow their identification together as a group - for instance, the books of the Harry Potter saga.

Text accompanying another item, such as a picture.

A citation is a conceptual directional link from a citing entity to a cited entity, created by a human performative act of making a citation, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference (biro:BibliographicReference) in the reference list of the citing entity, or by the inclusion within the citing entity of a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to a resource on the World Wide Web.

A realisation of a fabio:Dataset (a frbr:Work) containing a defined collection of data with specific content and possibly with a specific version number, that can be embodied as a fabio:Digital Manifestation (a frbr:Manifestation with a specific format) and be represented by a specific fabio:ComputerFile (a frbr:Item) on someone's hard drive.

A manifestation that represents data in binary form, encoding the data as a series of 0s and 1s.

A document component, either structural (e.g. paragraph, section, chapter, table, caption, footnote, title) or rhetorical (e.g. introduction, discussion, acknowledgements, reference list, figure, appendix), in which the content of a bibliographic resource can be organized.

A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have nothing significant in common with one another (for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency) over and beyond their subject matter.

In the OpenCitations Corpus, an entity represents a particular snapshot recording the metadata associated with another individual entity at a particular time.

In the OpenCitations Corpus, this class is used to represent any bibliographic resource, i.e. citing papers, cited resources, and containers (e.g. journals, books, proceedings) for those resources.

A collection of expressions, for example a periodical or a book series.

A structure within a sentence that permits the author to make a comment or to cite another publication in support of the text, or both. A footnote is normally flagged by a superscript number immediately following that portion of the text to which it relates. For convenience of reading, the text of the footnote is usually printed at the bottom of the page or at the end of a text.

A citation in which the works reported in the citing and the cited entities were funded by the same funding agency.

An identifier that uniquely identities an entity – such as a funding agency, a person and a resource – belonging to a particular scheme such as those specified by individuals of the class datacite:IdentifierScheme.

The identifier scheme used to identify an entity such as a funding agency, a person or a resource. Individual schemes are defines as members of this class.

A textual device (e.g. “[1]”), denoting a single bibliographic reference, that is embedded in the text of a document within the context of a particular sentence or text chunk.

A scholarly periodical primarily devoted to the publication of original research papers. [Printed and electronic manifestations of the same journal are usually identified by separate print and electronic International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSN or eISSN, respectively), that identifies the journal as a whole, not to individual issues of it.]

An article, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, published in a journal issue.

A citation from one journal to another journal which forms one of a very large number of citations from the citing journal to recent articles in the cited journal, possibly undertaken as part of a citation cartel for the purpose of gaming the impact factor of the cited journal.

A particular published issue of a journal, one or more of which will constitute a volume of the journal.

A citation in which the citing and the cited entities are published in the same journal.

A particular published volume of a journal, comprising one or more journal issues.

In the OpenCitations Corpus, this class is used to represent any detail of the physical or digital forms in which the bibliographic resources are made available by their publishers.

A self-contained unit of discourse that deals with a particular point or idea. Paragraphs contains one or more sentences. The start of a paragraph is indicated by beginning on a new line, which may be indented or separated by a small vertical space by the preceding paragraph.

An analog manifestation in physical printed form, typically on paper.

A paper, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, usually published within an academic proceedings volume.

A book containing authoritative factual information, such as a dictionary, encyclopaedia, handbook or field guide, which is a realisation of a certain reference work and may contain several reference entries.

The realization of a report, usually in printed form.

A role an agent may have. Individual members of this class or its sub-classes are used to specify particular roles.

A particular situation that describe a role an agent may have, that can be restricted to a particular time interval.

A logical division of the text, usually numbered and/or titled, which may contain subsections.

A word, phrase or sentence that precedes and indicates the subject of a document or a document component - e.g., a book, a report, a news article, a chapter, a section or a table.

A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have something significant in common with one another, over and beyond their subject matter, for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency.

An expression in natural language forming a single grammatical unit.

A sequence of expressions having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group.

A textual device (e.g. “[1, 2, 3]” or “[4-9]”) which includes a number of reference pointers denoting the specific bibliographic references to which the list pertains

The realization of a specification (a standard, a workflow, etc.).

A set of data arranged in cells within rows and columns.

A piece of text, e.g. the content of a table cell, defined by a start point and an end point.

A book authored by a student containing a formal presentations of research outputs submitted for examination in completion of a course of study at an institution of higher education, to fulfil the requirements for an academic degree. Also know as a dissertation. [For the alternative meaning of the word 'thesis', namely the formulation of a concept, hypothesis, idea, point of view or theory presented for review and/or discussion, use fabio:Proposition.]

The citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).

The property relates a reference pointer to the bibliographic entry that is denoted by the reference pointer.

This property allows the specification of a primary source for a resource, i.e. something produced by some agent with direct experience and knowledge about such resource.

The property relates an entity to an annotation, e.g. a reference pointer can be linked to an annotation having as body a citation.

The property relates an annotation to the body (the content) of the annotation.

The property relates a citation to its inteded purpose. CiTO properties are used as range of the property.

A property that relates a citation to the cited entity.

A property that relates a citation to the citing entity.

The property relates a list of reference pointers to reference pointers the are included in the list.

An expression embodied in a manifestation.

A manifestation exemplified in an item.

An object property specifying a datacite:Identifier that provides a unique identifer for the entity (either a funder, a person or a resource).

This property allows to specify the following entity in a sequence of entities, e.g. a reference pointer in a list of pointers, a role in a sequence of agents' roles of the same type associated with the same bibliographic resource (so as to define, for instance, its ordered list of authors).

A part of an expression.

The target entity of an annotation.

The property relates a discourse element (e.g. a sentence) to any textual device (such as reference pointers or lists of pointers) for which the discourse element is context of.

A property relating a document to the role for which that document provides the context (e.g. relating a document to the role of author or peer-reviewer of that document).

An expression (e.g. a article) which is incorporated in another expression (e.g. a journal issue).

A property relating a role in time that an agent holds, or a contribution situation that an agent makes, to that agent.

This property allows one to indicate that an entity that is a specialization of another shares all aspects of the latter, and additionally presents more specific aspects of the same thing as the latter.

The relation between a bibliographic reference and the publication being referenced.

An object property permitting specification of the identifier scheme used to provide the identifier for an entity – either a funder, a person or a resource – defined as an individual of the class datacite:IdentifierScheme.

This property allows one to ascribe an entity to an agent.

This property allows the specification of a derivation from another entity, where a derivation is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity.

An object property connecting an agent's role in time to a definition of the type of role held by this agent, specified as an instance of the class pro:Role or of one of its sub-classes.

The date on which the citation was created. This has the same numerical value as the publication date of the citing bibliographic resource, but is a property of the citation itself. When combined with the citation time span, it permits that citation to be located in history.

The temporal characteristic of a citation, namely the interval between the publication date of the cited entity and the publication date of the citing entity. Note that when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest year, and when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year and month', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest month, with the inherent inaccuracies that such rounding involves.

This property specifies the minimal distance that one of the authors of the citing entity has with regards to one of the authors of the cited entity, according to their co-authorship network.

It is used to specify the textual content of a bibliographic reference, a discourse element, or a reference pointer.

A textual description of a resource.

An identifier for one of several alternative issues of a magazine, a book or other resource.

Identifies the last page of an entity such as a journal article.

The family name of a person.

The given name of a person.

It is used to specify the literal value that an identifier has.

The name of an agent.

A literal (for example a number or a letter) that identifies the sequence position of a work within a particular context, for example a book in a book series, a chapter in a document, a volume in a journal.

The date on which a resource is published or disclosed.

Identifies the first page of an entity such as a journal article.

A secondary title that follows the main title of a work.

A name given to a resource. Typically, the title will be the name by which the resource is formally known.

The date on which a particular entity was created.

The date on which a particular entity was invalidated.

The role a person has of authorship of some material (for example a document).

Digital Object Identier.

The role of a person who selects and prepares for publication material written and submitted by authors.

International Standard Book Number.

International Standard Serial Number.

Open Citation Identifier.

Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier.

PubMed Central Identifier.

PubMed Identifier.

The role of a person or an organization that published material, or of a publisher's employee who has responsibility for such publications.

Uniform Resource Locator.